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International Review of Civil Engineering - May 2012 (Vol. 3 N. 3) - Papers
International Review of Civil Engineering - Papers
Shear
Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using External Anchored and Internal
Bonded Steel Bars
by Zaki I.
Mahmoud, Eltony M. Eltony
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 218-223
Abstract - Existing
concrete structures may require strengthening or stiffening in order to
increase their structural performance. This paper presents the results
of an experimental investigation for enhancing the shear capacity of
reinforced concrete beams using two different techniques, external
pre-tensioned stirrups and internal bonded vertical steel bars. A total
of seven beams were tested in this program. All beams were designed to
fail in shear mode; to assess the actual increase in shear strength by
devised strengthening techniques. One of the beams was tested as control
beam; whereas other beams were strengthened as the following. Two beams
were strengthened with vertical internal epoxy bonded bars, two beams
were strengthened with vertical internal epoxy bonded with end anchored
bars, and two beams were strengthened with vertical externally anchored
stirrups. All techniques were found to be effective in enhancing the
shear strength of beams. However, the internal epoxy bonded and end
anchored bars were found to be more effective than non anchored bars.
Beams strengthened using this technique failed at a load almost 110 %
higher than the control beam. The externally anchored steel stirrups
provided an average of 100 % increase in shear capacity as compared to
the control beam, while the internal epoxy bonded bars without
mechanical anchors failed at a load 60% higher than the control beam.
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Keywords: Concrete Beams, Epoxy Bonding Stirrups, External Stirrups, And Shear Strengthening.
Experimental
Study on Bubble Deck Slabs
by Muyasser
Mohammed Jomaa'h, Alaa Tawfiq Ahmed
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 224-233
Abstract - This
research is based on creating gaps in several models of concrete slabs
(by using ping pong balls). This modification was done to reduce the
weight (which leads to reduce the cost) and state effects on the
ultimate load capacity (q ult.) corresponding to deflection (Δ max. at
centre). Results were compared with the model calibration (which does
not contain gaps). Reduction in weight, change in ultimate load capacity
and deflection of the models selected were measured. Linked variables
(the ultimate load, deflection, weight, the gaps proportion and the
distance between the edges of all the adjacent balls) were obtained to
get equations supporting designer which can determine the best
proportion of gaps according to the requirements of the structural
member.
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Keywords: Bubble Deck Slabs, Hollow Slabs.
Taking
into Account the Harmfulness of the Seismic Signal in Assessing the
Seismic Performance of Buildings Self-stable
by Kahil Amar,
Hamizi Mohand, Hannachi Nacer Eddine
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 234-239
Abstract - New approaches that involve defining a level of performance associated with a level of seismic loading based partly on the ability of these approaches to describe the damage corresponding to the targeted level of performance, and Moreover, the relevance of the representation of seismic motion which may be associated level of seismic hazard. Different representations of this signal have been developed by researchers and engineers in order to understand the harmfulness of an earthquake, by calculating the indicators of harm associated with these representations. For engineers, the damaging potential of an earthquake is a major issue. Indeed, the design of a structure requires the data of seismic movement, as a spectrum or an accelerogram and correspondingly raises the question of assessing the harmfulness of the selected event, its representativeness or his conservatism vis-à-vis the seismic attack may occur. The estimation of the performance which is based on seismic the positioning of the performance obtained by a method of superposition of two curves seismic demand and capacity, which is obtained by the first processing records in response spectrum and the second by the Pushover method. The aim of our study is evaluating the seismic performance of a self-stable concrete according to the harmfulness of the seismic signal.
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Keywords: Seismic Signal, Performance, Pushover Method, Indicators of Harm.
Removal of Fecal Coliforms in Pond Systems with Different Configurations and
Screens
by Facundo Cortés
Martínez,Alberto Diosdado Salazar, Arnulfo Luévanos Rojas, Ramón Luévanos Rojas,
Armando Cesar Uranga Sifuentes
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 240-250
Abstract - This
paper makes a comparative analysis of results in the design of a
treatment plant based on a lagoon system: distinct configurations were
considered as well as different number of screens in the facultative
pond in order to establish the smallest possible area for project. The
results obtained indicate higher removal efficiency of fecal coliform in
the arrangements that include screens. The difference in areas is also
important. It is recommended that this study is carried out
experimentally and then true scale, then compare the results with which
determines the design procedure.
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Keywords: Fecal Coliforms, Hydraulic Efficiency, Stabilization Ponds, Screens, Treatment Plants, Flow Patterns.
Laboratory
Experiments on Levee Breach and Inundation in Low-land with Particular Reference
to Relative Height of River Bed to Floodplain
by M.S. Islam, T.
Tashiro, T. Tsujimoto
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 251-258
Abstract - Levee
breach causes severe flood damage as well as floodplain inhabitant's
suffering, and particularly in Bangladesh, such as disasters occurs
every year during the monsoon. In order to understand disasters due to
levee breach, it is important to clarify the phenomena appearing not
only at a levee but also in floodplain and along river bed, and it is
attempted by using small-scale laboratory experiments. The authors are
concurrently carrying out the numerical study along the same scenario,
and these two approaches may provide us more information to understand
the levee breach and successive disaster. In this study, a particular
reference is set on the levee breach by an overflow and phenomena
appearing on a floodplain with different relative height of river bed to
the floodplain level. One-side levee model is built in a laboratory
experimental flume using fine sand with proper compaction. An initial
condition provided for the overflow breach is considered with partial
crest opening. We changed river bed height, but mild river bed slope is
maintained for every run. According to the results, the higher bed level
brings more rapid propagation of levee breach and widening with more
sediment deposition in the floodplain area, though the discharge
provided on the river is smaller. And, it suggests that river bed
degradation in the upstream of the levee breach point may cause further
risk of the levee breach during the flood.
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Keywords: Breach Levee, Inundation, Sedimentation, Relative Heights of River Bed, Laboratory Experiments.
Impact
of Safety Edge on Pavement to Prevent Crashes
by Tamara
Chowdhury, Darian Robinson
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 259-265
Abstract - Crashes
on two-lane rural undivided highways result in nearly sixty percent of
the total fatalities on highways of USA. One major reason for these
crashes is the interface of the paved roadway surface and the unpaved
shoulder. Vertical drop-offs found along the edge of the pavement can
guide a driver to overcorrect upon re-entry onto the paved surface. This
overcorrection may lead the vehicle to cross into opposing traffic or
leave the opposite side of the roadway. A solution to this problem can
be to form a thirty-degree tapered transition at the edge of the paved
surface called the safety edge. Due to this safety edge a runaway
vehicle can smoothly reenter the travel lane from the unpaved shoulder.
The safety edge can be constructed with no impact to production and at
less than one percent additional material costs. In this study, the
number of edge drop-off crashes, edge drop-off fatalities, all rural
crashes and fatalities for the State of Alabama has been quantified and
analyzed. Fatality due to edge drop-off has been found to be
significantly higher than any other crashes. The prevention of edge
drop-off to avoid these losses should be considered with extreme
importance.
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Keywords: Pavement Safety Edge, Edge Drop-off, Rural Crashes, Fatality.
Incorporating Palm Oil Fuel Ash with Slag in Geopolymer Technology: a Review
by Moslih Amer Salih, Ramazan Demirbogaa, Abang Abdullah Abang Ali
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 266-272
Abstract - Geopolymer technology has showed the ability of producing new kind of binders which can be used in producing binder like cement to produce geopolymer concrete. The term geopolymer is referring to inorganic polymers materials. The geopolymer technology is describing a chemical reaction after dissolution between alumina-silicate materials with alkali solution to produce three dimensional alumina silicate structures. The production of a new binder to produce mortar and concrete without using ordinary Portland cement is the best contribution of such new revolutionary technology.
Different kinds of materials were investigated to produce the geopolymer binder, such as fly ash, metakaolin and slag. However, still some new materials need to be investigated such as the palm oil fuel ash, a by-product material from the palm oil industry. This review paper showing the ability of using the palm oil fuel ash and the slag together to produce new kind of binder in the geopolymer technology; moreover, there are other parameters and properties needs to be investigated in this technology.
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Keywords: Alkali-activated cement, Alkali-activated slag, Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Geopolymer Cement.
Numerical
Simulation of Thermal Behavior Airflow Facades Building in Arid Zone
by A. Missoum, A.
Slimani, B. Draoui, R. Khelfaoui, M. Bouanini, R. Belarbi
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 273-282
Abstract - A
building is a complex environment due to its geometry and its many
stresses caused by fluctuations. Therefore the design of buildings and
more specifically its thermal performance is to assist the air flow
modeling of physical phenomena. In this work, we study numerically the
influence of external stress (temperature) on the flow of air inside the
room through a solid interface (front). The system considered consists
of two circles, an internal environment that represents the local and
external environment that represents the environment of the building
separated by a wall. The equations governing the transient natural
convection in both media, the heat transfer by convection and heat
conduction in the solid wall, are discretized by the finite volume
method and are solved using simple algorithm. The convective flow is
governed by different control parameters, namely the Rayleigh number
(Ra) and the amplitude and the period of the excitation temperature.
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Keywords: Numerical Simulation, Natural Convection, Conduction, Facade, Building , Finite Volume, SIMPLER.
Regression
Analysis of Error Models Used for Engineering Project Management
by Jamal M.
Assbeihat
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 283-287
Abstract - Modeling
of the comprehensive management level of engineering projects lead to
some simulation error and minimizing this error is advantageous case of
study. Some artificial neural networks (ANN) models with different
architectures and different parameters were investigated and the error
of each model was analyzed. It was shown that the modeling error can be
expressed as a function of ANN parameters especially the number of
neurons in the hidden layer, number of training iterations, and the
training rate. Satisfactory results were concluded giving a new approach
to analyze the engineering project management models and achieve optimal
simulation results.
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Keywords: Simulation Error, Number of Neurons In The Hidden Layer, Number Of Training Iterations, And Training Rate.
Bearing
Capacity of Strip Footings near Reinforced Sand Slopes
by Fathi M.
Abdrabbo, Hassan M. Abouseeda, Khaled E. Gaaver, Enas A. Omer
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 288-296
Abstract - There are
many situations where footings are located on or near sloping fills.
When a footing is constructed on or near a slope, the bearing capacity
of the footing is significantly reduced compared with the same footing
resting on horizontal ground surface. Bearing capacity of strip footings
near sand slopes attracts the attention of many researchers all over the
world. To shed some lights on this problem, fifty four loading tests
were conducted on a strip footing model of width 50 mm. The bearing
capacity of a strip footing near both unreinforced sand slope and
reinforced sand slope was compared. The study indicated that the
improvement of the bearing capacity of a strip footing resting near a
reinforced sand slope depends upon the embedment depth of the
reinforcing layer, and the edge distance of the footing from the slope
crest. Moreover, the relative density of the sand has insignificant
effect on the improvement performance. The optimum depth ratio of
geotextile reinforcement varies from 0.25 to 1.00 times the footing
width depending upon the edge distance of the footing. Strip footings at
edge distance greater than the footing width from the crest of a
reinforced sand slope behave as strip footings on horizontal ground
surface. A comparison between the achieved experimental bearing capacity
of a strip footing near an unreinforced sand slope and the calculated
values from published closed-form solutions was carried out. The study
revealed that Meyerhof method [1] underestimates the bearing capacity
interpreted at settlement ratio 2.5% from the footing width by a factor
of 0.60. While the methods of Gemperline [2] and Graham et al. [3]
overestimate the bearing capacity by 14% and 3% respectively. Finally,
the paper presents the values of bearing capacity factor for a strip
footing near a reinforced sand slope.
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Keywords: Bearing Capacity, Geotextile Reinforcement, Sand Slope, and Strip Footing.
A
Long-Standing but Insufficiently Addressed Issue in the River Management of
Japan
by G. Huang
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 297-303
Abstract - Although
flood hydraulics is a classical subject that has been extensively
studied over the past half century, the hysteresis in the relationship
between discharge and water level and the time difference between peak
discharge and maximum water level has not yet been given sufficient
attention in Japanese river management practice. In addition to the
natural mechanism of hysteresis, there are human-induced mechanisms of
hysteresis such as that induced by bridge. The present study provides
theoretical reasoning for the necessity of taking the bridge-induced
hysteresis into consideration for better river management. The aim of
this study is to highlight a problem with regard to the current practice
of compilation of flow discharge data in Japan and to further discuss
the implications of bridge effects in relation to channel sediment
transport capacity. Moreover, it examines this issue from an educational
perspective.
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Keywords: Flood Wave, Hysteresis, Bridge, Discharge Compilation, Hydraulics Education.
Trend
Analyses and BOD5 Removal Assessment of a Brewery Treatment Plant in
Nigeria
by Hilary I.
Owamah, Augustine K. Asiagwu, Ify. L. Nwaogazie, Austine Uwague
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 304-308
Abstract - The
existing treatment plant of a brewery industry in Imo State, Nigeria was
assessed to ascertain its BOD5 removal efficiency. This was
done by first, taking samples of its wastewater before and after
treatment by the existing plant. Sampling and testing of pre and
post-treatment wastewater effluents were monitored for a 10-week period,
in order to obtain a representative and likely worst-case pollutant
scenario. The average BOD5 removal efficiency of the existing
plant was calculated as 11.7%. This value was far below the expected
plant minimum efficiency of 85%. The weighted average BOD5
was obtained as 112mg/l. A peak BOD5 of 144mg/l was observed in the 5th
week, while the least BOD5 value of 80mg/l was observed in
the 4th week. Both values exceeded FEPA/FMENV standard for
effluent BOD5 discharge into surface water. A total coliform bacteria
count of 1200MPN/100ml was observed, as a result of the poor working
condition of the chlorination tank this value exceeded FEPA/FMENV
standard of 400MPN/100ml.The trend analyses assessment for the
parameters (especially BOD5, COD, TSS and TDS) were generally
found to be stable or increasing gradually with time. This condition
necessitated the designing of an entirely new activated sludge system of
length 13m, breath 3.7m, depth 3m, and operating at 93% efficiency.
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Keywords: Sample Collection, Data Analysis, Trend Analysis, Mass Load Determination and Design.
Estimation
of Ground Subsidence in Earthquake
by Faroudja
Meziani, Amar Kahil, Smail Gab
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 309-313
Abstract -
Under the
effect of earthquake, loss of soil stiffness results in loss of bearing
capacity which subsequently lost the support of basic structures that
tilt and therefore pack down. The study of settlement of granular media
under seismic loading, although it has not retained the attention of
many researchers in the past, is crucial if we are to guarantee the good
performance of embankments, dikes or land upon which some works at risk.
Numerical simulation of soil behavior is performed by numerical methods
such as finite difference and finite element method. These methods are
programmed in software simulation of increasingly sophisticated. The
main objective of this paper is to investigate, by numerical modeling
with the code of finite element PLAXIS, variation in settlement of a
soil under a rock fill dam port.
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Keywords: Compaction, Dynamic Analysis, Rockfill Dam, Effect of the Earthquake, Soil Dynamics.
Experimental
and Numerical Study of Distiller Solar: Influence of Parameters
by Daha Ould
Yahdhih, Cheikh Mbow, Abdel Kader Ould Mahmoud, Aboubaker Chedikh Beye
Vol. 3 n. 3, pp. 314-320
Abstract -
In this paper,
we give the results of measurements carried out on a greenhouse-type
distiller to determine the key factors impacting water production and to
validate the operation of the distiller. The discussion focuses on the
correlations used to model internal transfers, particularly in the
numbers of thermal and mass Grashof and the Rayleigh number. These
numbers were determined experimentally for this type of distiller. The
phenomena of thermal conversion were also discussed to better understand
the energy balances and validate the theoretical part. This experiment
is carried out in the presence of specific meteorological parameters of
the production system of water (distilled).
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Keywords: Distiller, Numerical Modeling, Transfers, Efficiency, Solar Energy, Modelling and Simulations.
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