Investigation of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate as an Alternative Lubricant of Petrochemical Based Lubricants, Tested at Various Speeds


(*) Corresponding author


Authors' affiliations


DOI's assignment:
the author of the article can submit here a request for assignment of a DOI number to this resource!
Cost of the service: euros 10,00 (for a DOI)

Abstract


Lubricant oils have an important role in manufacturing processes for reducing friction and wear between in-contact rotational pieces with different speeds. Vegetable oils are known as new, clean and renewable sources. Palm Fatty Acid distillate (PFAD) is sourced from the vegetable oil family and is potential as an alternative source of mineral lubricant/Hydraulic oils. This study was performed utilizing various speeds (800, 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600rpm) and according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) with number D 4172 (speed 1200 rpm, load 392N, temperature 75°C and in one hour) using a four ball wear machine tester. To evaluate the PFAD results, similar experiments were done using Engine and Hydraulic oil and the results were compared mutually. The results showed that, the anti-friction and anti -wear ability of PFAD were higher than those of Engine and Hydraulic mineral oils. Also, the value of flash temperature parameter of PFAD oil was higher than other test oils. However, the amount of viscosity oil for PFAD was less than Engine oil.
Copyright © 2013 Praise Worthy Prize - All rights reserved.

Keywords


PFAD Oil; Four-Ball Tribotester; Wear Scar Diameter; Friction; Flash Temperature Parameter; Viscosity

Full Text:

PDF


References


O.Deshimaru. Deposition of crude oil in fish meat and its detection. Bull. Jap. Soc. scient. Fish, PP. 297-301, 1971.

M.Ogata and Y.Miyake. Identification of substance in petroleum causing objectable odour in fish, Water Res, PP.1493-1504, 1973.

T.Sudo. Test method of volatile organic substance in industrial waste, Report of Institute of Hygiene. Mie Prefecture, pp.150-155, 1965.

S.Syahrullail, C.S.N.Azwadi and C.I.Tiong. The Metal Flow Evaluation of Billet Extruded with RBD Palm Stearin, (2011) International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME), 5(1): pp. 21-27.

H.Wagner, R.Luther, T.Mang. Lubricant base fluids based on renewable raw materials: their catalytic manufacture and modification. Appl Catal A: General; 221, PP.429–42, 2001

B.Krzan and Vizintin. J. Tribological properties of an environmentally adopted universal tractor transmission oil based on vegetable oil. Tribology Int,36:827-833. 2003

A. Adhvaryu, Z. S. Liu. Synthesis of Novel Alkoxylated Triacylgycerols and Thier lubricant base Oil properties. Industrial crops and products,21(1): 113-119. 2005

Hui YH, editor. Coconut oil. Bailey’s industrial oil and fat products. vol. 2, 5th ed. New York: Wiley;. p. 97–123 [chapter 2], 1996.

A. Zeman, A. Sprengel, D. Niedermeier, M. Spath. Biodegradable lubricants—studies on thermo-oxidation of metal-working and hydraulic fluids by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC);, vol. 268, p. 9–15, 1995.

K. Cheenkachorn and I. Udornthep. A Development of Four-stroke Engine Oil Using Palm Oil as a Base Stock. The 2nd SEE 2006, C-026 (O), Bangkok, Thailand, , November 2006.

I. Gawrilow. Palm oil usage in lubricants. 3rd Global Oils and Fats Business Forum U S A, October, pp. 3–19. 2003

E.O. Aluyor and M. Ori-Jesu, “The use of antioxidants in vegetable oils – A review. A frican Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 7 (25), pp. 4836-4842, 2008

A. Adhvaryu, G. Biresaw, B.K. Sharma, and S. Z. Erhan. Friction Behavior of Some Seed Oils: Biobased Lubricant Applications. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45, pp. 3735-3740, 2006

R. Sh. Kuliev, F. R. Shirinov, and F. A. Kuliev, .Vegetable oils as a component of lubricant base stocks. Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils. Vol. 31, Nos. (1995) pp.3-4.

N. H Jayadas and K. Prabhakaran, "Tribological evaluation of coconut oil as an environment-friendly lubricant," Tribology International, vol. 40, pp. 350-354, 2007.

A.M. Liaquat, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, A. Rasyidi. Experimental Analysis of Wear and Friction Characteristics of Jatropha Oil added Lubricants. Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 110-116 pp 914-919, 2012

C.I. Tiong, Y. Azli, M.R. Abdul Kadir, S. Syahrullail. Tribological evaluation of refined, bleached and deodorized palm stearin using four-ball tribotester with different normal load. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci A (Appl Phys & Eng) 13(8), 2012.

C.I. Tiong, A.K.M. Rafiq, Y. Azli, and S. Syahrullail. The Effect of Temperature on the Tribological Behavior of RBD Palm Stearin. Tribology Transactions, 55: 539-548, 2012.

S.Syahrullail, K.Nakanishi and S.Kamitani. Investigation of the effect of frictional constraint with application of palm olein oil lubricant and paraffin oil lubricant on plastic deformation by plane strain extrusion. Journal of Japanese Society of Tribologist, 50(12), pp.877-885, 2005.

H.H Masjuki, M.A. Maleque, A.Kubo and T. Nonaka. Palm oil and mineral oil based lubricants- their tribological and emission performance Tribology International; pp. 305-314, 1999

I. Golshokouh, F.N. Ani and S.Syahrullail. Wear Resistance Evaluation of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Using Four-ball Tribotester, The 4th International Meeting of Advances in Thermofluids - IMAT2011, Melaka, Malaysia, pp.1302-1309, 3-4 Oct 2011.

M.A. Maleque, H.H. Masjuki and A.S.M.A. Haseeb. Effect of mechanical factors on tribological properties of palm oil methyl ester blended lubricant. Wear pp. 117-12, 52000.

G. D. Boerlage, Four-Ball Testing Apparatus for Extreme-Pressure Lubricants. Engineering, 136, pp 46–47, 1933.

The Oil Palm Worldwide, 2007. http://fedepalma.org/world.htm.

Malaysian Oil Palm Statistics 2008, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, February, ISSN 1511-743X; MPOB website (econ. mpob.gov.my), 2009.

J. W. van Gelder, Greasy Palms: European Buyers of Indonesian Palm Oil, Friends of the Earth, The Netherlands 2004.

A.b. Gapor Md Top. Production and utilization of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). Lipid Technology January, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2010

S. Chongkhong, C. Tongurai, P. Chetpattananondh, C. Bunyakan. Biodiesel production by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate. Biomass and Bioenergy 31, 563–568, 2007

Y. Wan, L. Cao and Q. Xuet. Friction and wear characteristics of ZDDP in the sliding of steel against aluminum alloy Tribol Int; 30, 767–772, 1997

Munson, B.R., Young, D.F. and Okiishi, T.H. Fundamentals of fluid mechanics, 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2006.

N. Sharma. The Jatropha experience: Andra Pradesh. In:Singh B, Swaminathan R, Ponraj V, editors. Biodiesel Conference towards energy Independence - focus on Jatropha; 9e10 June 2006; Rashtrapati Nilayam, Bolaram, Hyderabad. New Delhi: Rashtrapati Bhawan, p. 9e15; 2006.

W. Piekoszewski, M. Szczerek, W. Tuszynski. The action of lubricants under extreme pressure conditions in a modified four-ball tester, Wear 249 (188–193, 2001

A. Bhattacharya, T. Singh, and V. K. Verma .The Role of Certain Substituted 2-Amino-benzothiazolylbenzoylthiocarbamide as Additives in Extreme Pressure Lubrication of Steel Bearing Balls. Wear, 136, pp 345–357, 1990

T. B. Lane.The Flash Temperature Parameter: A Criterion for Assessing E.P. Performance in the Four-Ball Machine. Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, 43, pp 181–184. 1957.

M. Husnawan, M. G Saifullah, and H. H Masjuki. Development of Friction Force Model for Mineral Oil Basestock Containing Palm Olein and Antiwear Additive. Tribology International, 40, pp 74–81. 2007.

J. M. Thorp. Four-Ball Assessment of Deep Drawing Oils. Wear,33, pp 93–108. 1975.

T.B. Lane. The flash temperature parameter: a criterion for assessing E.P. performance in the four-ball machine J. Inst. Petrol; 43 18,11957

S.M. Hafis, M.J.M. Ridzuan, R.N. Farahana, Amran Ayob and S. Syahrullail. Paraffinic mineral oil lubrication for cold forward extrusion: Effect of lubricant quantity and friction. Tribology International, 60:111-115, 2013.

M. Farooq, A. Ramli, S. Gul, and N. Muhammad.The Study of Wear Behavior of 12-Hydroxystearic Acid in Vegetable Oils. Journal of Applied Sciences, 11(7), pp 1381–1385, 2011

M Jones,. H. and Scoot, D. The Practical Aspectsof Friction, Lubrication and Wear, Elsevier Science Publishing Company. Industrial Tribology,New York,1983.

J. Williams. Engineering Tribology, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK .2005

M.A.A. Hasagaya, M.N.M. Jaafar, M.S.A. Ishak. Investigation of Oil Burner Combustion Performance when utilizing Palm Biodiesel Blends,(2011) International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME), 5(3), pp. 548-552.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Please send any question about this web site to info@praiseworthyprize.com
Copyright © 2005-2024 Praise Worthy Prize