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Integral Load Frequency Control (LFC) and Inter-Area Angle Separation Regulation
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15866/iree.v15i4.17146
Abstract
This paper presents the control of angular separation among the areas of a three-area electrical power system. This is achieved by the modification, upgrade, and adaptation of the existing load frequency control scheme. The purpose of this new control capability is to reverse the adverse effects caused by the progressive increase of angular separation between the areas, which deteriorates the security and reliability of the system. Currently, in the event of an N-1 and N-1-1 contingency, an increase in angular separation between the areas can be observed. The increase in the angular separation, in turn, leads the system to the vulnerable and unsafe operational states of “alert” and “emergency.” In this case, with the support of the angular separation obtained from the phasor angle measurements, when a network event occurs, action is taken to direct, redistribute, rebalance, or reshare the original total system power to achieve new power share participation among all areas of the system and therefore return the system to a “safe” operating state. In the case of a loaded inter-area branch event, the compensating control action on the active power is to translate the same outage line power from the exporting to the importing area. Alternatively, given the case of events causing an unbalance of load or generation, the compensating control action on the active power is directed to the area where the event is located while simultaneously controlling the frequency of the system. The results show that angular separation can be controlled and stabilized. It is concluded that this control action can limit, or even prevent the start and evolution of event cascade failures by confining their propagation. Hence, there is an opportunity for improving the security and reliability by controlling the inter-area angular separation instead of the inter-area power interchange, as is traditionally done.
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References
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