Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Design of Zero Energy Consumption System for Small DC Residential Home Based on Off-Grid PV System


(*) Corresponding author


Authors' affiliations


DOI: https://doi.org/10.15866/iree.v13i3.15205

Abstract


This research presents the design of a zero energy consumption system (ZECS) based on off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system for small DC system whose load demand is less than 1 kWh/day. This system consists of 3 parts: 300 W PV panel, energy conversion or solar charger, and 12 V 200 Ah energy storage. The used electrical utilizing system consists of 3 types: 20 W LED lighting system, 35 W fan for air cooling system, and 100 W electrical boiler or heating system, whose average load requirement is 0.795 kWh/day. This research defines 6 key sustainability parameters and key performance indicators in order to evaluate the benefits of ZECS, which are design, energy security, system availability, efficiency, environment and investment. The result has been analyzed and it was found that ZECS can achieve more than 80% of the energy conversion efficiency and it can operate for 2 days without charging the battery. The battery charging and discharging from PV are demonstrated to confirm ZECS energy security. The utilization ratio or the energy that required per one square meter is less than 50 Wh/m2. DC ZECS and DC electric appliances are available, affordable and easy to be maintained. ZECS is designed in order to provide the electricity for low-income people in remote areas, and its social benefits are more important than the return on investment. It can be concluded that DC utilizing system is reliable for ZECS which can benefit to apply this system in remote area where it cannot connect to the grid.
Copyright © 2018 Praise Worthy Prize - All rights reserved.

Keywords


PV; Off-Grid; Zero Energy; Small Residential Home; DC System

Full Text:

PDF


References


U. E. I. Administration, "International Energy Outlook 2017," 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/pdf/0484(2017).pdf. [Accessed 2018].

X. Cao, X. Dai and J. Liu, "Building energy-consumption status worldwide and thestate-of-the-art technologies for zero-energy buildings during thepast decade," Energy and Buildings , vol. 128, pp. 198-213, 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.089

J. Laustsen, "Energy efficiency requirements in building codes, energy efficiency policies for new buildings," International Energy Agency, Paris, France, 2008.

E. Perlova, M. Platonova, A. Gorshkov and X. Rakova, "Concept Project of Zero Energy Building," Procedia Engineering, vol. 100, pp. 1505-1514, 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.522

D. H. W. Li, L. Yang and J. C. Lam, "Zero energy buildings and sustainable development implications - A review," Energy, vol. 54, pp. 1-10, 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.070

P. Hernandez and P. Kenny, "From net energy to zero energy buildings: Defining life cycle zero energy buildings (LC-ZEB)," Energy and Buildings, vol. 42, pp. 815-821, 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.12.001

A. Kylili and P. A. Fokaides, "European smart cities: The role of zero energy buildings," Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 15, pp. 86-95, 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.12.003

L. Wells and L. A. B. Rismanchi, "A review of Net Zero Energy Buildings with reflections on the Australian context," Energy and Buildings , vol. 158, p. 616 – 628, 2018.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.10.055

M. Panagiotidou and R. J. Fuller, "Progress in ZEBs - A review of definitions, policies and construction activity," Energy Policy, vol. 62, pp. 196-206, 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.06.099

P. Torcellini, S. Pless, M. Deru and D. Crawley, "Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition," in ACEEE Summer Study, Pacific Grove, California, 2006.

S. Hui, "Zero energy and zero carbon buildings: myths and facts," in The International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Structures and Facilities , Hong Kong, 2010.

K. Peterson, P. Torcellini, C. Taylor and R. Grant, "Establishing a Common Definition for Zero Energy Buildings: Time to Move the Market," ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://aceee.org/files/proceedings/2016/data/papers/10_815.pdf. [Accessed 2018].

F. Harkouss, F. Fardoun and P. H. Biwole, "Optimization of design parameters of a Net Zero Energy Home," in 3rd International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC), Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon, 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/redec.2016.7577562

A. Marszal, P. Heiselberg, J. Bourrelle, E. Musall, K. Voss, I. Sartori and A. Napolitano, "Zero Energy Building – A review of definitions and calculation methodologies," Energy and Buildings, vol. 43, pp. 971-979, 2011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.022

T. Samarji, A. Jouni and A. Karaki, "Net Zero Energy Buildings: Application in Lebanon on a typical residential Building," in 2012 International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC) , Beirut, 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/redec.2012.6416707

S. Pless and P. Torcellini, "Net Zero Energy Buildings: A Classification System Based on Renewable Energy Supply Options," National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/983417

D. Crawley, S. Pless and P. Torcellini, "Getting to Net Zero," National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, 2009.

F. Alrashed and M. Asif, "Analysis of critical climate related factors for the application of zero-energy homes in Saudi Arabia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 41, pp. 1395-1403, 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.031

A. Scognamiglio, G. Adinolfi, G. Graditi and E. Sarett, "Photovoltaics in net zero energy buildings and clusters: enabling the smart city operation," Energy Procedia, vol. 61, pp. 1171-1174, 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.1046

M. D. Leonard and E. E. Michaelides, "Grid-independent residential buildings with renewable energy sources," Energy, vol. 148, pp. 448-460, 2018.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.168

M. Kolhe, S. Kolhe and J. C. Joshi, "Economic viability of stand-alone solar photovoltaic system in comparison with diesel-powered system for India," Energy Economics , vol. 24, pp. 155-165, 2002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-9883(01)00095-0

S. Berry and K. Davidson, "Zero energy homes - Are they economically viable?," Energy Policy, vol. 85, pp. 12-21, 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.05.009

D. Paker, "Very low energy homes in the United States: Perspectives on performance from measured data," Energy and Buildings, vol. 41, pp. 512-520, 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.11.017

S. Baurzhan and G. P. Jenkins, "Off-grid solar PV: Is it an affordable or appropriate solution for rural electrification in Sub-Saharan African countries?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , vol. 60, pp. 1405-1418, 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.016

J. Eshraghi, N. Narjabadifam, N. Mirkhani, S. S. Khosroshahi and M. Ashjaee, "A comprehensive feasibility study of applying solar energy to design azero energy building for a typical home in Tehran," Energy and Buildings 72 (2014) , vol. 72, p. 329–339, 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.01.001

G. Tsalikis and G. Martinopoulos, "Solar energy systems potential for nearly net zero energy residential buildings," Solar Energy , vol. 115, pp. 743-756, 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.03.037

H. B. Madessa, "Performance Analysis of Roof-mounted Photovoltaic Systems – The Case of a Norwegian Residential Building," Energy Procedia, vol. 83, pp. 474-483, 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.167

S. Lou, E. K. W. Tsang, D. H. W. Li, E. W. M. Lee and J. C. Lam, "Towards zero energy school building designs in Hong Kong," Energy Procedia , vol. 105, p. 182 – 187, 2017.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.299

S. Deng, R. Wang and Y. Dai, "How to evaluate performance of net zero energy building - A literature research," Energy , vol. 71, pp. 1-16, 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.007

M. Iqbal, "A feasibility study of a zero energy home in," Renewable Energy, vol. 29, p. 277–289, 2004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(03)00192-7

D. F. Q. Pulido, G. Hoogsteen, M. V. Kortenaar, J. L. Hurink, R. E. Hebner and G. J. M. Smit, "Characterization of Storage Sizing for an Off-Grid House in the US and the Netherlands," Energies , vol. 11, no. 265, pp. 1-13, 2018.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11020265

R.K. Akikur, R.Saidur, H.W. Ping, K.R. Ullah, "Comparative study of stand-alone and hybrid solar energy systems suitable for off-grid rural electrification: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, vol. 27, pp. 738-752, 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.043

R. Adhikari, N. Aste, C. D. Pero and M. Manfren, "Net Zero Energy Buildings: Expense or Investment?," Energy Procedia , vol. 12, pp. 1331-1336, 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1097

M. Alirezaei, M. Noori and O. Tatari, "Getting to net zero energy building: Investigating the role of vehicleto home technology," nergy and Buildings, vol. 130, p. 465–476, 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.08.044

S. Berry, D. Whaley, K. Davidson and W. Saman, "Near zero energy homes – What do users think?," Energy Policy, vol. 73, pp. 127-137, 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.05.011

J. Kijjanuluck, "Success factors in achieving Energy Efficiency Goals and Targets: Energy Efficiency Strategy for Thailand for the next 20 years," Ministry of Energy, 2015.

EPPO, "Energy Efficiency Plan; EEP 2015," 2015. [Online].
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epp.2015.45.issue-1

F. Benavente-Araoz, A. Lundblad, P. E. Campana, Y. Zhang, S. Cabrera and L. Lindbergh, "Loss-of-load probability analysis for optimization of small off-grid PV-battery systems in Bolivia," Energy Procedia, vol. 142, pp. 3715-3720, 2017.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.266

A. Ghafoor and A. Munir, "Design and economics analysis of ann off-grid PV system for household electrification," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 42, pp. 496-502, 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.012

A. E. A. Nefeh, "Design and economic analysis of a stand-alone system to electrify a remote area household in Egypt," The Open Renewable Energy Journal, vol. 2, pp. 33-37, 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876387100902010033

H. A. Guda and U. O. Aliyu, "Design of a stand-alone photovo;taic system for a residence in Bauchi," International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, pp. 34-44, 2015.

G. Graca, A. Augusto and M. Lerer, "Solar powered net zero energy houses for southern Europe: Feasibility study," Solar Energy, vol. 86, p. 634–646, 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.11.008

W. Thomas and J. Duffy, "Energy performance of net-zero and near net-zero energy homes in New England," Energy and Buildings, vol. 67, pp. 551-558, 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.08.047

A. R. E. A. P. (AFREA), Photovoltaics for Community Service Facilities: Guidance for Sustainability, Washington, D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK GROUP, 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/27575

A. J. Veldhuis and A. H. M. E. Reinders, "Reviewing the potential and cost-effectiveness of off-grid PV systems in Indonesia on a provincial level," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , vol. 52, pp. 757-769, 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.126

WBGU, World in Transition: Towards Sustainable Energy Systems, London: Earthscan, 2004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315071961

B. Nordman and K. Christensen, "DC Local Power Distribution: technology, deployment, and pathways to success," IEEE Electrification Magazine, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 29 - 36 , 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mele.2016.2544218

P. Kaur, S. Jain and A. Jhunjhunwala, "Solar-DC Deployment Experience in Off-Grid and Near Off-Grid Homes: Economics, Technology and Policy Analysis," in IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM) , Atlanta, GA, USA, 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdcm.2015.7152004

A. Ramachandran, S. Mannar and A. Jhunjhunwala, "Inverterless Solar- DC System Design for OffGrid and Near Off-Grid Indian Homes," in First International Conference on Sustainable Green Buildings and Communities (SGBC) , Chennai, India, 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sgbc.2016.7936055

S. Signh, A. R. Gautam and D. Fulwani, "Constant power loads and their effects in DC distributed power systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 72, p. 407–421, 2017.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.027

V. Vossos, K. Garbesi and H. Shen, "Energy savings from direct-DC in U.S. residential buildings," Energy and Buildings , vol. 68, pp. 223-231, 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.09.009

Guda H.A., Aliyu U.O., "Design of a stand-alone photovo;taic system for a residence in Bauchi," International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, pp. 34-44, 2015.

EPPO, "Energy statistics of Thailand," Ministry of Energy, Bangkok, 2015.

NSO, "Major Findings of 2013 Nation Energy Consumption," Bangkok, 2014.

MEA, Fact Sheet: Power Development Fund, Bangkok, 2017.

NSO, "Mean of Monthly Temperature in Bangkok," 2017. [Online]. Available: http://statbbi.nso.go.th/staticreport/Page/sector/TH/report/sector_21_59_TH_.mht. [Accessed June 2017].

DEDE, 2015.

M. Felgueiras, F. Martins and N. Caetano, "Sustainability in buildings – a teaching approach," Energy Procedia, vol. 107, pp. 15-22, 2017.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.124

D. Frame, K. Tembo, M. J. Dolan, S. M. Strachan and W. Ault, "A community based approach for sustainable off-grid PV systems in developing countries," in Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Detroit, MI, 2011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2011.6039593

I. Dincer and C. Acar, "Smart energy systems for a sustainable future," Applied Energy, vol. 194, pp. 225-235, 2017.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.058

H. Rothrock, "Sustainable housing: Emergy evaluation of an off-grid residence," Energy and buildings, vol. 85, pp. 287-292, 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.08.002

DEDE, "How to protect the environmental impacts and how to manage some disposals from solar cell projects in Thailand," Ministry of Energy Bangkok, 2017.

A. Ristow, M. Begovic, A. Pregelj and A. Rohatgi, "Development of a Methodology for Improving Photovoltaic Inverter Reliability," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2581 - 2592, 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2008.924017

"Time to use the resources we have in abundance," 2 5 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/Time-to-use-the-resources-we-have-in-abundance-30205228.html. [Accessed 2015].


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Please send any question about this web site to info@praiseworthyprize.com
Copyright © 2005-2024 Praise Worthy Prize