Email this article 
Open Access
Subscription or Fee Access
A Framework for Demand Bidding to Achieve Demand Response Objectives by EVs Charging and Heating Loads
(*) Corresponding author
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15866/iree.v12i4.11895
Abstract
Energy markets which are based on fixed day-ahead energy prices could face bottlenecks due to the simultaneous activation of flexible loads in the system and hence causing power imbalances and possibly also causing congestion in the distribution network. In order to mitigate these problems a suitable scheme is required to reschedule the flexible loads based on incentives for the end users for changing their demand from their day-ahead optimized demand pattern. This paper proposes a three-layer architecture of intelligent agents for scheduling of flexible loads which implies a demand bidding strategy. A real case study is considered from Nordpool spot prices for four different seasons of the year to show case the rationality of the study. Two flexible loads, Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Storage Space Heating (SSH) are considered in this scenario, while other loads are assumed non-flexible. Analysis of energy cost based on flexibility indices of loads is studied, which shows that flexibility of loads not only supports the power network capacity in congestion situation but it also benefits the consumers with cost effective use of energy. From aggregator’s perspective, the system resources are utilized optimally hence reducing the need for running extra generators and the spikes at the cheap price hours are mitigated. From the results, it is noted that the proposed bidding scheme has benefited the households up to 60% of the energy cost saving by participating in the demand response. The number of times each household wins a bid depends on the flexibility of loads and in this particular simulation scenario most of the households are able to win the bids 2 times in a day.
Copyright © 2017 Praise Worthy Prize - All rights reserved.
Keywords
References
North American Electric Reliability Corporation, “Demand response discussion for the 2007 long-term reliability assessment,” May 18, 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www.naesb.org/pdf2/ dsmee052407w4.pdf
U.S. Department of Energy, “Benefits of demand response in electricity markets and recommendations for achieving them,” A report to the U.S. Congress, Feb 2006 [Online]. Available: http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/ EMS/reports/congress-1252d.pdf
Saebi, J.; Taheri, Hamid; Mohammadi, J.; Nayer, S.S., "Demand bidding/buyback modeling and its impact on market clearing price," Energy Conference and Exhibition (EnergyCon), 2010 IEEE International , vol., no., pp.791,796, 18-22 Dec. 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/energycon.2010.5771788
Hausman, E.D.; Tabors, R.D., "The role of demand underscheduling in the California energy crisis," System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on , vol., no., pp.8 pp.,, 5-8 Jan. 2004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2004.1265170
Xu, Y.; Li, N.; Low, S.H., "Demand Response With Capacity Constrained Supply Function Bidding," in Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.PP, no.99, pp.1-18, 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2016.7741247
Sheble, G.B., "DSM economic marginal demand bidding," Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2010 IEEE , vol., no., pp.1,7, 25-29 July 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2010.5589498
Kamyab, F.; Amini, M.; Sheykhha, S.; Hasanpour, M.; Jalali, M.M., "Demand Response Program in Smart Grid Using Supply Function Bidding Mechanism," in Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, vol.PP, no.99, 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2430364
Kazempour, S.J.; Conejo, A.J.; Ruiz, C., "Strategic Bidding for a Large Consumer," in Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.30, no.2, pp.848-856, March 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2332540
Marulanda, G.A.; Valenzuela, J.G.; Salazar, H., "An assessment of the impact of a demand response program on the Colombian day-ahead electricity market," Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition - Latin America (PES T&D-LA), 2014 IEEE PES , vol., no., pp.1,6, 10-13 Sept. 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2014.6955253
Tarasak, P.; Chin Choy Chai; Yuen Sam Kwok; Ser Wah Oh, "Demand Bidding Program and Its Application in Hotel Energy Management," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.5, no.2, pp.821,828, March 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2013.2287048
Tae Hyun Yoo; Hun-Gyu Kwon; Ho Chul Lee; Chang-Ho Rhee; Yong Tae Yoon; Jong-Keun Park, "Development of reliability based Demand response program in Korea," Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2011 IEEE PES , vol., no., pp.1,6, 17-19 Jan. 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2011.5759150
Mohsenian-Rad, H., "Optimal Demand Bidding for Time-Shiftable Loads," Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.30, no.2, pp.939,951, March 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2338735
Shuhui Li; Dong Zhang, "Developing smart and real-time demand response mechanism for residential energy consumers," Power Systems Conference (PSC), 2014 Clemson University , vol., no., pp.1,5, 11-14 March 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/psc.2014.6808101
Shuhui Li; Dong Zhang; Roget, A.B.; O'Neill, Z., "Integrating Home Energy Simulation and Dynamic Electricity Price for Demand Response Study," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, vol.5, no.2, pp.779,788, March 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2013.2279110
Badri, A.; Kashefi, H., "Optimal bidding strategy of retailers in a mixed pool-bilateral market considering demand response programs," in Smart Grid Conference (SGC), 2013 , vol., no., pp.131-137, 17-18 Dec. 2013
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sgc.2013.6733825
Qingqing Huang; Roozbehani, M.; Dahleh, M.A., "Efficiency-Risk Tradeoffs in Electricity Markets with Dynamic Demand Response," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, vol.6, no.1, pp.279,290, Jan. 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2014.2326614
Safdarian, A.; Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M.; Lehtonen, M., "A Distributed Algorithm for Managing Residential Demand Response in Smart Grids," Industrial Informatics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.10, no.4, pp.2385,2393, Nov. 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2014.2316639
Chen Chen; Jianhui Wang; Kishore, S., "A Distributed Direct Load Control Approach for Large-Scale Residential Demand Response," Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.29, no.5, pp.2219,2228, Sept. 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2307474
Di Zhang, Sara Evangelisti, Paola Lettieri, Lazaros G. Papageorgiou, “Economic and environmental scheduling of smart homes with microgrid: DER operation and electrical tasks”, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 110, 15 February 2016, Pages 113–124.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.11.056
Bian, D.; Pipattanasomporn, M.; Rahman, S., "A Human Expert-Based Approach to Electrical Peak Demand Management," Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol.30, no.3, pp.1119,1127, June 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2014.2348495
Malik, F., Mubbashir, A., Lehtonen, M., Collaborative Demand Response Optimization of Electric Vehicles and Storage Space Heating for Residential Peak Shaving, (2014) International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), 9 (6), pp. 1154-1161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/iree.v9i6.4829
Adika, C.O.; Lingfeng Wang, "Demand-Side Bidding Strategy for Residential Energy Management in a Smart Grid Environment," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on, vol.5, no.4, pp.1724,1733, July 2014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2014.2303096
Gosalbez, I., Lehtonen, M., Stochastic Genetic Algorithm and its Application as a Demand Control Tool for Houses with Thermal Energy Storage Systems, (2015) International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS), 8 (3), pp. 284-292.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/iremos.v8i3.6045
Ali, M., Koivisto, M., Optimizing the DR Control of Electric Storage Space Heating Using LP Approach, (2013) International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS), 6 (3), pp. 853-860.
Shirazi, E. Zakariyazadeh, A. Jadid, S. “Optimal joint scheduling of electrical and thermal appliances in a smart home environment”, Energy Conversion and Management, 106 (2015) 181–193.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.09.017
Torreglosa, J. P. Garcia-Trivino, P. Fernandez-Ramirez, L. M. Jurado, F. “Decentralized energy management strategy based on predictive controllers for a medium voltage direct current photovoltaic electric vehicle charging station”, Energy Conversion and Management, 108 (2016) 1–13
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.10.074
Herranz, R.; Munoz San Roque, A.; Villar, J.; Campos, F.A., "Optimal Demand-Side Bidding Strategies in Electricity Spot Markets," in Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.27, no.3, pp.1204-1213, Aug. 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2012.2185960
Hao Lu; Wooyoung Jeon; Mount, T.; Lamadrid, A.J., "Can Energy Bids from Aggregators Manage Deferrable Demand Efficiently?," in System Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on, vol., no., pp.2530-2539, 5-8 Jan. 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2015.304
M. Wooldridge, “Agent-Based Software Engineering,” Software Engineering, IEE Proceedings, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 26 –37, Feb 1997.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-sen:19971026
M. Wooldridge, and N. R. Jennings, “Intelligent Agents: Theory and Practice”, Eng. Rev., 1995, 10, (2), pp. 115-152
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900008122
Farhan H. Malik, Matti Lehtonen, “A Review: Agents in Smart Grids”, Electric Power System Research, vol. 131, February 2016, Pages 71–79.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2015.10.004
M. Reyasudin Basir Khan, Razali Jidin, Jagadeesh Pasupuleti, “Multi-agent based distributed control architecture for microgrid energy management and optimization”, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 112, 15 March 2016, Pages 288–307
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.01.011
NordpoolSpot available online: http://www.nordpoolspot.com/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cpe.2011.5942215
Ahourai, F. Huang, I. and Al Faruque M. A. “Modeling and Simulation of the EV Charging in a Residential Distribution Power Grid”, in proc. of Green Energy and Systems Conference 2013, November 25, Long Beach, CA, USA.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgt.2014.6816479
P. Faria, Z. A. Vale and J. Ferreira, "Demsi — A demand response simulator in the context of intensive use of distributed generation," Systems Man and Cybernetics (SMC), 2010 IEEE International Conference on, Istanbul, 2010, pp. 2025-2032.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2010.5641721
P. Faria, Z. Vale, T. Soares and H. Morais, "Energy and reserve provision dispatch considering distributed generation and demand response," 2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), Berlin, 2012, pp. 1-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2012.6465760
M. Silva, H. Morais, Z. Vale and P. Faria, "Short-term scheduling considering five-minute and hour-ahead energy resource management," 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, San Diego, CA, 2012, pp. 1-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2012.6345571
J. Soares, H. Morais, T. Sousa, Z. Vale and P. Faria, "Day-Ahead Resource Scheduling Including Demand Response for Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 596-605, March 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2235865
T. Pinto et al., "Adaptive Portfolio Optimization for Multiple Electricity Markets Participation," in IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1720-1733, Aug. 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2015.2461491
T. Pinto, H. Silva, Z. Vale, G. Santos and I. Praça, "Pan-European Electricity Market Simulation Considering the European Power Network Capacities," 2015 26th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA), Valencia, 2015, pp. 91-95.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dexa.2015.36
S. D. J. McArthur et al., "Multi-Agent Systems for Power Engineering Applications—Part I: Concepts, Approaches, and Technical Challenges," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1743-1752, Nov. 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2007.908471
S. D. J. McArthur et al., "Multi-Agent Systems for Power Engineering Applications—Part II: Technologies, Standards, and Tools for Building Multi-agent Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1753-1759, Nov. 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2007.908472
S. D. J. McArthur, E. M. Davidson, J. A. Hossack and J. R. McDonald, "Automating power system fault diagnosis through multi-agent system technology," System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on, 2004, pp. 1-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2004.1265190
J. Soares, N. Borges, B. Canizes and Z. Vale, "Probabilistic estimation of the state of Electric Vehicles for smart grid applications in big data context," 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Denver, CO, 2015, pp. 1-5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2015.7286185
J. Soares, M. Silva, B. Canizes and Z. Vale, "MicroGrid DER control including EVs in a residential area," PowerTech, 2015 IEEE Eindhoven, Eindhoven, 2015, pp. 1-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ptc.2015.7232512
F. J. Soares, J. A. Peças Lopes and P. M. Rocha Almeida, "A Monte Carlo method to evaluate electric vehicles impacts in distribution networks," Innovative Technologies for an Efficient and Reliable Electricity Supply (CITRES), 2010 IEEE Conference on, Waltham, MA, 2010, pp. 365-372.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/citres.2010.5619777
R. J. Bessa, M. A. Matos, F. J. Soares and J. A. P. Lopes, "Optimized Bidding of a EV Aggregation Agent in the Electricity Market," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 443-452, March 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2159632
R. J. Rei, F. J. Soares, P. M. R. Almeida and J. A. Peças Lopes, "Grid interactive charging control for plug-in electric vehicles," Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), 2010 13th International IEEE Conference on, Funchal, 2010, pp. 386-391.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2010.5625073
P. M. Rocha Almeida, J. A. Peças Lopes, F. J. Soares and M. H. Vasconcelos, "Automatic Generation Control operation with electric vehicles," Bulk Power System Dynamics and Control (iREP) - VIII (iREP), 2010 iREP Symposium, Rio de Janeiro, 2010, pp. 1-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irep.2010.5563295
Farhan H. Malik, “Flexible Loads in Smart Grids: Charging Solutions for Electric Vehicles and Storage Space Heating”, doctoral thesis, Aalto University Finland, Nov. 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pq.2016.7724097
F. Rassaei; W. S. Soh; K. C. Chua, "Distributed Scalable Autonomous Market-based Demand Response via Residential Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1-1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2629515
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Please send any question about this web site to info@praiseworthyprize.com
Copyright © 2005-2024 Praise Worthy Prize
