Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Outdoor Lighting Promoting Well-Being


(*) Corresponding author


Authors' affiliations


DOI: https://doi.org/10.15866/irecos.v18i1.23243

Abstract


It is becoming widely understood that besides affecting visual, social and psychological environment, outdoor lighting is also biological environment. This review combines lighting related research efforts of various fields and provides insights for outdoor lighting supporting well-being. The review focuses on the well-being of humans but it is acknowledged that the well-being of humans is largely based on the well-being of the whole ecosystem. The review also briefly discusses the effects of artificial light at night on various organisms and biological systems. Finally, the review summarizes the research results on the possible effects on well-being caused by the changes in intensity, spectrum, spatial distribution and temporal distribution of light. The focus is on the mesopic lighting conditions, as the outdoor environments typically represent such light levels. The results are targeted to affect the design choices of outdoor lighting practices.
Copyright © 2023 Praise Worthy Prize - All rights reserved.

Keywords


Artificial Light; Lighting Control; Outdoor Lighting; Road Lighting; Biological Effect; Human; Well-Being

Full Text:

PDF


References


T. Longcore, C. Rich, Ecological light pollution, Front. Ecol. Environ., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 191-198, 2004.

G. Horváth, G. Kriska, P. Malik, B. Robertson, Polarized light pollution: A new kind of ecological photopollution, Front. Ecol. Environ., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 317-325, 2009.

Oxford University Press, Well-being, Oxford English Dictionary, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/227050?redirectedFrom=well-being#eid. [Accessed: 01-Apr-2015].

Oxford University Press, Well-being, Oxford Dictionaries, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/well-being. [Accessed: 01-Apr-2015].

R. Dodge, A. P. Daly, J. Huyton, L. D. Sanders, The challenge of defining wellbeing, Int. J. Wellbeing, vol. 2, pp. 222-235, 2012.

A. Knight, A. (Eds) McNaught, Understanding wellbeing: An introduction for students and practitioners of health and social care, 1st ed. 2011.

V. La Placa, A. McNaught, A. Knight, Discourse on wellbeing in research and practice, Int. J. Wellbeing, vol. 3, pp. 116-125, 2013.

CIE, Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic. 115:2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010.

K. Pease, A review of street lighting evaluations: Crime reduction effects, Crime Prev. Stud., vol. 10, pp. 47-76, 1999.

D. P. Farrington, B. C. Welsh, Effects of improved street lighting on crime : a systematic review, Home Off., vol. Home Office, August, p. 59, 2002.

M. Ramsay, The Effect of Better Street Lighting on Crime and Fear : a Review, no. 29, p. 48, 1991.

S. Fotios, J. Unwin, S. Farrall, Road lighting and pedestrian reassurance after dark: a review, Light. Res. Technol., 2014.

S. Fotios, C. Cheal, P. Boyce, Light source spectrum, brightness perception and visual performance in pedestrian environments: a review, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 271-294, 2005.

P. Boyce, Human factors in lighting, 3rd ed. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

CIE, Recommended system for mesopic photometry based on visual performance. 191:2010.

C. Cengiz, H. Kotkanen, M. Puolakka, O. Lappi, E. Lehtonen, L. Halonen, H. Summala, Combined eye-tracking and luminance measurements while driving on a rural road: Towards determining mesopic adaptation luminance, Light. Res. Technol., no. first published online September 26, 2013, 2013.

T. Uchida, Y. Ohno, Defining the visual adaptation field for mesopic photometry: Does surrounding luminance affect peripheral adaptation?, Light. Res. Technol., 2013.

K. J. Gaston, J. Bennie, T. W. Davies, J. Hopkins, The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution: A mechanistic appraisal, Biol. Rev., vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 912-927, 2013.

A. J. Wenzel, K. Fuld, J. M. Stringham, J. Curran-Celentano, Macular pigment optical density and photophobia light threshold, Vision Res., vol. 46, no. 28, pp. 4615-4622, 2006.

J. M. Stringham, K. Fuld, A. J. Wenzel, Action spectrum for photophobia., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. Opt. Image Sci. Vis., vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1852-1858, 2003.

J. Fekete, F. Horváth, C. Sik-Lányi, J. Schanda, a Szalmás, G. Várady, Spectral dependence of visibility and glare, Int. Symp. Automot. Light., p. 7, 2005.

M. F. Schmitz, N. Giunta, N. S. Parikh, K. K. Chen, M. C. Fahs, W. T. Gallo, The association between neighbourhood social cohesion and hypertension management strategies in older adults, Age Ageing, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 388-392, 2012.

J. M. Stringham, D. M. Snodderly, Enhancing performance while avoiding damage: A contribution of macular pigment, Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 6298-6306, 2013.

J. Fekete, C. Sik-Lányi, J. Schanda, Spectral discomfort glare sensitivity investigations, Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 182-187, 2010.

J. D. Bullough, Spectral sensitivity for extrafoveal discomfort glare, J. Mod. Opt., vol. 56, no. 13, pp. 1518-1522, 2009.

Y. Akashi, M. S. Rea, J. D. Bullough, Driver decision making in response to peripheral moving targets under mesopic light levels, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 53-67, 2007.

M. Rea, J. Bullough, Y. Akashi, Several views of metal halide and high-pressure sodium lighting for outdoor applications, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 297-320, 2009.

C. Knight, J. van Kemenade, Z. Deveci, Effect of Outdoor Lighting on Perception and Appreciation of End-Users, in 18th Biennial TRB Visibility Symposium, 2007, pp. 1-9.

Y. Lin, S. Fotios, Investigating methods for measuring face recognition under lamps of different spectral power distribution, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 47, pp. 221-235, 2015.

B. Yang, S. Fotios, Lighting and recognition of emotion conveyed by facial expressions, Light. Res. Technol., 2014.

M. L. Willis, R. Palermo, D. Burke, Judging approachability on the face of it: the influence of face and body expressions on the perception of approachability. Emotion, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 514-523, 2011.

C. M. Monsere, E. L. Fischer, Safety effects of reducing freeway illumination for energy conservation, Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 1773-1780, 2008.

P. O. Wanvik, Effects of road lighting: An analysis based on Dutch accident statistics 1987-2006, Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 123-128, 2009.

J. D. Bullough, E. T. Donnell, M. S. Rea, To illuminate or not to illuminate: Roadway lighting as it affects traffic safety at intersections, Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 53, pp. 65-77, 2013.

CIE, Road lighting as an accident countermeasure. 93-1992, 1992.

P. O. Wanvik, Road lighting and traffic, Do we need Road Lighting?, Doctoral dissertation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, 2009.

E. T. Donnell, R. J. Porter, V. N. Shankar, A framework for estimating the safety effects of roadway lighting at intersections, Saf. Sci., vol. 48, pp. 1436-1444, 2010.

S. Plainis, I. J. Murray, I. G. Pallikaris, Road traffic casualties: understanding the night-time death toll, Inj. Prev., vol. 12, pp. 125-128, 2006.

M. Jackett, W. Frith, Quantifying the impact of road lighting on road safety - A New Zealand Study, IATSS Res., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 139-145, 2013.

M. J. Reed, S. M. Easa, Effect of Luminance on Night Driving Performance of Younger-Old and Older-Old Adults, vol. 7, no. June, pp. 218-227, 2011.

J. M. Sullivan, M. J. Flannagan, Determining the potential safety benefit of improved lighting in three pedestrian crash scenarios, Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 638-647, 2007.

P. Boyce, S. Fotios, M. Richards, Road lighting and energy saving, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 245-260, 2009.

I. Kaparias, M. G. H. Bell, A. Miri, C. Chan, B. Mount, Analysing the perceptions of pedestrians and drivers to shared space, Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 297-310, 2012.

M. Viikari, M. Puolakka, L. Halonen, A. Rantakallio, Road lighting in change: User advice for designers, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 171-185, 2012.

S. M. Easa, M. J. Reed, F. a Russo, E. Dabbour, a Mehmood, K. Curtis, Effect of Increasing Road Light Luminance on Night Driving Performance of Older Adults, Int. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., pp. 41-48, 2010.

S. W. Lockley, Circadian Rhythms: Influence of Light in Humans, Encycl. Neurosci., pp. 971-988, 2010.

M. Hébert, S. K. Martin, C. Lee, C. I. Eastman, The effects of prior light history on the suppression of melatonin by light in humans., J. Pineal Res., vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 198-203, 2002.

A.-M. Chang, F. a J. L. Scheer, C. A. Czeisler, The human circadian system adapts to prior photic history, J. Physiol., vol. 589, no. Pt 5, pp. 1095-1102, 2011.

J. F. Duffy, C. A. Czeisler, Effect of Light on Human Circadian Physiology, Sleep Med. Clin., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 165-177, 2009.

K. J. Navara, R. J. Nelson, The dark side of light at night: Physiological, epidemiological, ecological consequences, J. Pineal Res., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 215-224, 2007.

G. C. Brainard, J. P. Hanifin, J. M. Greeson, B. Byrne, G. Glickman, E. Gerner, M. D. Rollag, Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor, J. Neurosci., vol. 21, no. 16, pp. 6405-6412, 2001.

D. J. Skene, Optimization of Light and Melatonin to Phase-Shift Human Circadian Rhythms, J. Neuroendocrinol., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 438-441, 2003.

G. C. Brainard, J. P. Hanifin, Photons, clocks, consciousness., J. Biol. Rhythms, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 314-325, 2005.

L. Kayumov, R. F. Casper, R. J. Hawa, B. Perelman, S. A. Chung, S. Sokalsky, C. M. Shapiro, Blocking low-wavelength light prevents nocturnal melatonin suppression with no adverse effect on performance during simulated shift work, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 90, no. 5, pp. 2755-2761, 2005.

G. C. Brainard, D. Sliney, J. P. Hanifin, G. Glickman, B. Byrne, J. M. Greeson, S. Jasser, E. Gerner, M. D. Rollag, Sensitivity of the human circadian system to short-wavelength (420-nm) light., J. Biol. Rhythms, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 379-386, 2008.

D. E. Blask, S. M. Hill, R. T. Dauchy, S. Xiang, L. Yuan, T. Duplessis, L. Mao, E. Dauchy, L. A. Sauer, Circadian Regulation Metabolic Signaling Mechanisms of Human Breast Cancer Growth By the Nocturnal Melatonin Signal and the Consequences of Its Disruption by Light at Night, J Pineal Res, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 259-269, 2011.

D. E. Blask, G. C. Brainard, R. T. Dauchy, J. P. Hanifin, L. K. Davidson, J. A. Krause, L. A. Sauer, M. A. Rivera-Bermudez, M. L. Dubocovich, S. A. Jasser, D. T. Lynch, M. D. Rollag, F. Zalatan, Melatonin-depleted blood from premenopausal women exposed to light at night stimulates growth of human breast cancer xenografts in nude rats, Cancer Res., vol. 65, no. 23, pp. 11174-11184, 2005.

V. Srinivasan, D. W. Spence, S. R. Pandi-Perumal, I. Trakht, A. I. Esquifino, D. P. Cardinali, G. J. Maestroni, Melatonin, environmental light, breast cancer, Breast Cancer Res. Treat., vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 339-350, 2008.

P. D. Penev, D. E. Kolker, P. C. Zee, F. W. Turek, Chronic circadian desynchronization decreases the survival of animals with cardiomyopathic heart disease, Am. J. Physiol. - Hear. Circ. Physiol., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. H2334-H2337, 1998.

C. A. Wyse, C. Selman, M. M. Page, A. N. Coogan, D. G. Hazlerigg, Circadian desynchrony and metabolic dysfunction; did light pollution make us fat?, Med. Hypotheses, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 1139-1144, 2011.

J. Veitch, Light, lighting, health: Issues for consideration, LEUKOS. J. Illum. Eng. Soc., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 85-96, 2005.

C. Cajochen, Alerting effects of light, Sleep Med. Rev., vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 453-464, 2007.

M. G. Figueiro, A. Bierman, B. Plitnick, M. S. Rea, Preliminary evidence that both blue and red light can induce alertness at night., BMC Neurosci., vol. 10, p. 105, 2009.

M. G. Figueiro, B. Plitnick, M. S. Rea, L. Z. Gras, M. S. Rea, Lighting and perceptual cues: Effects on gait measures of older adults at high and low risk for falls, BMC Geriatr., vol. 11, no. 1, p. 49, 2011.

B. Plitnick, M. Figueiro, B. Wood, M. Rea, The effects of red and blue light on alertness and mood at night, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 449-458, 2010.

J. Lyytimäki, Nature's nocturnal services: Light pollution as a non-recognised challenge for ecosystem services research and management, Ecosyst. Serv., vol. 3, pp. 44-48, 2013.

S. Baxendale, J. Fisher, Moonstruck? The effect of the lunar cycle on seizures, Epilepsy Behav., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 549-550, 2008.

D. E. Bowler, L. M. Buyung-Ali, T. M. Knight, A. S. Pullin, A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments., BMC Public Health, vol. 10, p. 456, 2010.

C. Cajochen, S. Altanay-Ekici, M. Münch, S. Frey, V. Knoblauch, A. Wirz-Justice, Evidence that the lunar cycle influences human sleep, Curr. Biol., vol. 23, no. 15, pp. 1485-1488, 2013.

R. G. Foster, T. Roenneberg, Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles, Curr. Biol., vol. 18, no. 17, pp. 784-794, 2008.

C. L. Raison, H. M. Klein, M. Steckler, The moon and madness reconsidered, J. Affect. Disord., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 99-106, 1999.

J. A. Raven, C. S. Cockell, Photosynthetically Active Radiation in the Universe), vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 668-675, 2006.

L. Gu, D. D. Baldocchi, S. C. Wofsy, J. W. Munger, J. J. Michalsky, S. P. Urbanski, T. a Boden, Response of a deciduous forest to the Mount Pinatubo eruption: enhanced photosynthesis., Science, vol. 299, no. 5615, pp. 2035-2038, 2003.

C. R. Brodersen, T. C. Vogelmann, W. E. Williams, H. L. Gorton, A new paradigm in leaf-level photosynthesis: Direct and diffuse lights are not equal, Plant, Cell Environ., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 159-164, 2008.

M. Hori, K. Shibuya, M. Sato, Y. Saito, Lethal effects of short-wavelength visible light on insects, Sci. Rep., vol. 4, p. 7383, 2014.

F. van Langevelde, J. A. Ettema, M. Donners, M. F. WallisDeVries, D. Groenendijk, Effect of spectral composition of artificial light on the attraction of moths, Biol. Conserv., vol. 144, no. 9, pp. 2274-2281, 2011.

H. Poot, B. J. Ens, H. D. Vries, M. A. H. Donners, M. R. Wernand, J. M. Marquenie, Green Light for Nocturnally Migrating Birds, Ecol. Soc., vol. 13, no. 2, p. 14, 2008.

G. Kriska, G. Horváth, S. Andrikovics, Why do mayflies lay their eggs en masse on dry asphalt roads? Waterimitating polarized light reflected from asphalt attracts Ephemeroptera, J. Exp. Biol., no. 201, pp. 2273-2286, 1998.

G. Kriska, Z. Csabai, P. Boda, P. Malik, G. Horváth, Why do red and dark-coloured cars lure aquatic insects? The attraction of water insects to car paintwork explained by reflection-polarization signals, Proc. R. Soc., vol. B, no. 273, pp. 1667-167, 2006.

A. Haans, Y. A. W. de Kort, Light distribution in dynamic street lighting: Two experimental studies on its effects on perceived safety, prospect, concealment, and escape, J. Environ. Psychol., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 342-352, 2012.

J. Appleton, The experience of landscape. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1975.

B. S. Fisher, J. L. Nasar, Fear of Crime in Relation to Three Exterior Site Features: Prospect, Refuge, and Escape, Environ. Behav., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 35-65, 1992.

B. Gatersleben, M. Andrews, When walking in nature is not restorative-The role of prospect and refuge, Heal. Place, vol. 20, pp. 91-101, 2013.

C. Boomsma, L. Steg, Feeling Safe in the Dark: Examining the Effect of Entrapment, Lighting Levels, and Gender on Feelings of Safety and Lighting Policy Acceptability, Environ. Behav., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 193-212, 2012.

G. W. Heath, R. C. Brownson, J. Kruger, R. Miles, K. E. Powell, L. T. Ramsey, The Effectiveness of Urban Design and Land Use and Transport Policies and Practices to Increase Physical Activity: A Systematic Review, J. Phys. Act. Health, vol. 3, no. Suppl1, pp. S55-S76, 2006.

R. C. Brownson, E. A. Baker, R. A. Housemann, L. K. Brennan, S. J. Bacak, Environmental and Policy Determinants of Physical Activity in the United States, Am. J. Public Health, vol. 91, no. 12, pp. 1995-2003, 2001.

J. V. Loon, L. Frank, Urban Form Relationships with Youth Physical Activity: Implications for Research and Practice, J. Plan. Lit., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 280-308, 2011.

J. Tester, R. Baker, Making the playfields even: Evaluating the impact of an environmental intervention on park use and physical activity, Prev. Med. (Baltim)., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 316-320, 2009.

N. Larco, B. Steiner, J. Stockard, A. West, Pedestrian-Friendly Environments and Active Travel for Residents of Multifamily Housing: The Role of Preferences and Perceptions, Environ. Behav., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 303-333, 2012.

D. D. Perkins, J. W. Meekst, R. B. Taylort, The physical environment of street blocks and resident perceptions of crime and disorder: Implications for theory and measurement, J. Environ. Psychol., vol. 12, pp. 21-34, 1992.

M. A. Alfonzo, To walk or not to walk? The hierarchy of walking needs, Environ. Behav., vol. 37, pp. 808-836, 2005.

R. Mitchell, F. Popham, Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study, Lancet, vol. 372, no. 9650, pp. 1655-1660, 2008.

I. M. Bernhoft, G. Carstensen, Preferences and behaviour of pedestrians and cyclists by age and gender, Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 83-95, 2008.

F. Penedo, J. Dahn, Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity, Curr. Opin. Psychiatry, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 189-93, 2005.

M. Figueiro, L. Gras, R. Qi, P. Rizzo, M. Rea, M. S. Rea, A novel night lighting system for postural control and stability in seniors, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 111-126, 2008.

S. Atkins, S. Husain, A. Storey, The Influence of Street Lighting on Crime and Fear of Crime, 1991.

P. M. Cozens, Sustainable urban development and crime prevention through environmental design for the British City. Towards an effective urban environmentalism for the 21st century, Cities, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 129-137, 2002.

B. P. Welsh, D. C. Farrington, Effects of Improved Lighting on Crime, Campbell Syst. Rev., no. 13, Sep. 2008.

R. Siren, P. Honkatukia, Suomalaiset väkivallan uhreina, Helsinki, 2005.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 245/2009, Off. J. Eur. Union, no. L76, pp. 17-44, 2009.

M. Morgan-Taylor, Regulation light pollution in Europe, in Urban lighting, light pollution and society, J. Meier, U. Hasenöhrl, K. Krause, M. Pottharst, Eds. Routledge, 2015, pp. 159-176.

H. Nikunen, M. Puolakka, a Rantakallio, K. Korpela, L. Halonen, Perceived restorativeness and walkway lighting in near-home environments., Light. Res. Technol., vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 308-328, 2014.

H. Nikunen, K. M. Korpela, The effects of scene contents and focus of light on perceived restorativeness, fear and preference in nightscapes, J. Environ. Plan. Manag., vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 453-468, 2012.

F. Beute, Y. A. W. de Kort, Let the sun shine! Measuring explicit and implicit preference for environments differing in naturalness, weather type and brightness, J. Environ. Psychol., vol. 36, pp. 162-178, 2013.

S. Kaplan, M. G. Berman, Directed Attention as a Common Resource for Executive Functioning and Self-Regulation, Perspect. Psychol. Sci., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 43-57, 2010.

R. Kaplan, S. Kaplan, The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. New York: Cambridge, 1989.

R. Ulrich, Human responses to vegetation and landscapes, Landsc. Urban Plan., vol. 13, pp. 29-44, 1986.

K. M. Korpela, T. Hartig, F. G. Kaiser, U. Fuhrer, Restorative Experience and Self-Regulation in Favorite Places, Environ. Behav., vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 572-589, 2001.

K. M. Korpela, M. Ylén, L. Tyrväinen, H. Silvennoinen, Determinants of restorative experiences in everyday favorite places, Heal. Place, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 636-652, 2008.

F. E. Kuo, W. C. Sullivan, Aggression and Violence in the Inner City: Effects of Environment via Mental Fatigue, Environ. Behav., vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 543-571, 2001.

H. Nikunen, Perceptions of lighting, perceived restorativeness, preference and fear in outdoor spaces, Doctoral dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Aalto University, 2013.

A. Steidle, L. Werth, In the spotlight: Brightness increases self-awareness and reflective self-regulation, J. Environ. Psychol., pp. 1-11, 2014.

W. Bin Chiou, Y. Y. Cheng, In broad daylight, we trust in God! Brightness, the salience of morality, and ethical behavior, J. Environ. Psychol., vol. 36, pp. 37-42, 2013.

C.-B. Zhong, V. K. Bohns, F. Gino, Good lamps are the best police: darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior., Psychol. Sci.: J. Am. Psychol. Soc. / APS, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 311-314, 2010.

J. B. Hirsh, A. D. Galinsky, C.-B. Zhong, Drunk, Powerful, and in the Dark: How General Processes of Disinhibition Produce Both Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior, Perspect. Psychol. Sci., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 415-427, 2011.

C. L. B. McCloughan, P. A. Aspinall, R. S. Webb, The impact of lighting on mood, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 81-88, 1999.

M. Johansson, E. Pedersen, P. Maleetipwan-Mattsson, L. Kuhn, T. Laike, Perceived outdoor lighting quality (polq): A lighting assessment tool., J. Environ. Psychol., vol. 39, pp. 14-21, Dec. 2014.

M. Johansson, M. Rosen, R. Kuller, Individual factors influencing the assessment of the outdoor lighting of an urban footpath, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 31-43, 2011.

H. Nikunen, M. Puolakka, Perceived restorativeness and walkway lighting in near-home environments, Light. Res. Technol., Feb. 2013.

J. A. Veitch, M. G. M. Stokkermans, G. R. Newsham, Linking Lighting Appraisals to Work Behaviors, Environ. Behav., 2011.

A. Blobaum, Perceived Danger in Urban Public Space: The Impacts of Physical Features and Personal Factors, Environ. Behav., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 465-486, 2005.

P. R. Boyce, N. H. Eklund, B. J. Hamilton, L. D. Bruno, Perceptions of safety at night in different lighting conditions, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 79-91, 2000.

H. Nikunen, M. Puolakka, A. Rantakallio, K. Korpela, L. Halonen, Lighting promoting safety and creating a sense of pleasantness in suburban environments, J. Light. Eng., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 33-46, 2012.

V. Viliunas, H. Vaitkevicius, R. Stanikunas, P. Vitta, R. Bliumas, A. Auskalnyte, A. Tuzikas, A. Petrulis, L. Dabasinskas, A. Zukauskas, Subjective evaluation of luminance distribution for intelligent outdoor lighting, Light. Res. Technol., 2013.

A. Kostic, L. Djokic, Subjective impressions under LED and metal halide lighting, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 293-307, 2014.

H. Nakamura, Influence of Color Temperature on Preference of Atmosphere, and Air Temperature, 2013.

C. Laurentin, V. Bermtto, M. Fontoynont, Effect of thermal conditions and light source type on visual comfort appraisal, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 223-233, 2000.

F. Viénot, M.-L. Durand, E. Mahler, Kruithof's rule revisited using LED illumination, J. Mod. Opt., vol. 56, no. 13, pp. 1433-1446, 2009.

P. R. Boyce, C. Cuttle, Effect of correlated color temperature on the perception of interiors and color discrimination performance, Light. Res. Technol., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 16-36, 1990.

R. G. Davis, D. N. Ginthner, Correlated color temperature, illuminance level and the Kruithof curve, J. Illum. Eng. Soc., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 27-38, 1990.

P. Tuomaala, R. Holopainen, K. Piira, M. Airaksinen, Impact of individual characteristics -such as age, gender, BMI and fitness - on human thermal sensation, pp. 2305-2311, 2013.

I. M. Iskra-Golec, A. Wazna, L. Smith, Effects of blue-enriched light on the daily course of mood, sleepiness and light perception: A field experiment, Light. Res. Technol., 2012.

CIE, The effect of spectral power distribution on lighting for urban and pedestrian areas, 2014.

A. Steidle, L. Werth, Freedom from constraints: Darkness and dim illumination promote creativity, J. Environ. Psychol., vol. 35, pp. 67-80, 2013.

L. Tähkämö, Life cycle assessmentof light sources - Case studies and review of the analyses, Doctoral dissertation, Dept. Electr. Eng., Aalto University, 2013.

L. Tähkämö, C. Martinsons, P. Ravel, F. Grannec, G. Zissis, Solid State Lighting Annex: Life Cycle Assessment of Solid State Lighting, 2014.

T. a Bedrosian, C. a Vaughn, A. Galan, G. Daye, Z. M. Weil, R. J. Nelson, Nocturnal light exposure impairs affective responses in a wavelength-dependent manner., J. Neurosci., vol. 33, no. 32, pp. 13081-7, 2013.

L. K. Fonken, R. J. Nelson, Illuminating the deleterious effects of light at night., F1000 Med. Rep., vol. 3, no. September, p. 18, 2011.

F. Falchi, P. Cinzano, C. D. Elvidge, D. M. Keith, A. Haim, Limiting the impact of light pollution on human health, environment and stellar visibility, J. Environ. Manage., vol. 92, no. 10, pp. 2714-2722, 2011.

C. B. Luginbuhl, P. A. Boley, D. R. Davis, The impact of light source spectral power distribution on sky glow, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., vol. 139, pp. 21-26, 2014.

A. Bierman, Will switching to LED outdoor lighting increase sky glow?, Light. Res. Technol., 2012.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.



Please send any question about this web site to info@praiseworthyprize.com
Copyright © 2005-2024 Praise Worthy Prize