Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Climate Change and Dams with a Focus on Morocco and Investigation of the Piano Key Weir Technology to Enhance the Climate Resilience of Moroccan Dams


(*) Corresponding author


Authors' affiliations


DOI: https://doi.org/10.15866/irece.v11i6.17792

Abstract


Climate change has been affecting significantly dams worldwide, particularly by the accentuation of extreme events. The hydraulic insufficiency of spillways is the most hazardous related risk that directly threatens the dams’ safety. Thus, the Piano Key Weir (PKW) technology may be a cost-effective solution for adapting the spillways of the existing dams and enhancing their resilience against climate change. This paper aims to provide the state of knowledge regarding the climate change issues related to dams with a focus on Morocco. It aims also to assess the cost-effectiveness of implementing the PKW in 27 large Moroccan dams in order to increase the flood release capacity. This work has determined, first, the climate change impacts on water resources and dams, and has discussed the adaptation measures including the implementation of PKW. Then, a detailed case study has been conducted to evaluate the interest of implementing the PKW in Morocco, at the scale of each hydraulic basin, with a comparison to the international experience. Results have revealed that the PKW allows increasing the global discharge capacity of Moroccan spillways by 70%, at a total cost of about 600 MMAD. Souss Massa Draa basin has accounted more than 40% of the total discharge capacity increase, and the best cost-effectiveness values have been identified in Loukkos, Oum Er Rbiaa and Sebou basins. These results may encourage the PKW integration in order to enhance the Climate adaptation and resilience of dams.
Copyright © 2020 Praise Worthy Prize - All rights reserved.

Keywords


Climate Change; Climate Resilience; Discharge Capacity; Morocco; Piano Key Weir

Full Text:

PDF


References


J. Fluixá-Sanmartín, L. Altarejos-García, A. Morales-Torres, I. Escuder-Bueno, Review article: Climate change impacts on dam safety, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2471-2488, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2471-2018

ICOLD Technical Committee “Y”, Bulletin 169: Global Climate Change, Dams, Reservoirs and Related Water Resources (International Commission on Large Dams, 2016).

T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, P.M. Midgley, Eds., IPCC Summary for Policymakers, Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2013).
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107415324.004

B.C. Bates, Z.W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu, J.P. Palutikof, Eds., Climate Change and Water, Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 2008, pp. 210).

O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, Eds., IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, New York, NY, USA, 2011, pp. 1075).
https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139151153.002

F. Lempérière, J. Guo, Low cost increase of dams’ storage and flood mitigation: The piano keys weir, Nineteenth ICID Congress, Beijing, Q.53, R.2.06, 2005.

J. Schilling, K.P. Freier, E. Hertig, J. Scheffran, Climate change, vulnerability and adaptation in North Africa with focus on Morocco, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 156, 12-26, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.04.021

A. Agoumi, Vulnerability of North African Countries to Climatic Changes: Adaptation and Implementation Strategies for Climate Change, Climate Change Knowledge Network, 2003.

A. El Ghissassi, Moroccan National Committee reviews the press: Favorable to dams, In The Dams Newsletter, No.4, Paris, France, ICOLD-CIGB, 2005.

F. Giorgi, Climate change hot-spots, Geophysical Resources Letters, 33, 707-715, 2006.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank, Building Morocco’s Resilience: Inputs for an Integrated Risk Management Strategy (The World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA, 2013).

M. Moujahid, L. Stour, A. Agoumi, Urban drainage and climate change: Limits of modeling, La Houille Blanche, n°1, 71-75, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2015009

A. Schleiss, From Labyrinth to Piano Key Weirs-A historical review, Intl. Conf. on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs-PKW 2011, pp 3-15, CRC Press, London, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b12349-3

F. Lempérière, A. Ouamane, A new cost-effective solution for spillways, International Journal of Hydropower & Dams, 10 (5), 144-149, 2003.

Aboulhassane, A., Rhouzlane, S., Ouazar, D., Sounny Slitine, M., Assessment of Piano Key Weirs Cost-Effectiveness: a Moroccan Case Study, (2017) International Review of Civil Engineering (IRECE), 8 (5), pp. 212-220.
https://doi.org/10.15866/irece.v8i5.12862

K.E. Kunkel, T.R. Karl, D.R. Easterling, K. Redmond, J. Young, X. Yin, P. Hennon, Probable maximum precipitation and climate change, Geophys Res Lett, 40, 1402-1408, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50334

Ministry Delegate of the Minister of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment, in charge of Environment, Moroccan climate change policy, 2014.
Available online on https://www.4c.ma

Ministry Delegate of the Minister of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment, in charge of Environment, 3rd National Communication of Morocco to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2016.

Balaghi et al., Climate change impact assessment using MOSAIC in Morocco. Technical report (INRA-Morocco and FAO, 2016).

M. Jalil, A. Agoumi, L. Stour, Adaptation strategy for the management of water resources in the basins of the Oum Er Rbia hydraulic region, 2013.
Available online on https://www.4c.ma

S. Dahan, Managing Urban Water Scarcity in Morocco (World Bank, Washington, DC, USA, 2017).

A. Bouchkara, Assessment of climate risk and its integration in the planning and development of water resources in the Oum Er-Rbia basin, International Conference on adaptation metrics and techniques for water, agriculture and resilient cities, Benguerir, Morocco, 2018.

M. Sinan, A. Belhouji, Impact of climate change on Morocco's climate and water resources by 2020, 2050 and 2080 and adaptation measures, Conference on Water tensions in Europe and in the Mediterranean: water crisis by 2050, Paris, France, 2015.

K. Khomsi, G. Mahe, Y. Tramblay, M. Sinan, M. Snoussi, Regional impacts of global change: seasonal trends in extreme rainfall, run-off and temperature in two contrasting regions of Morocco, Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 16, 1079-1090, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1079-2016

L. Berga, Water resources and floods: trends in the context of climate change, Africa 2017, Spain, 2017.

L. Abu Swaireh, Disaster Risk Reduction Global and Regional Context, Regional Workshop on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction in the Arab Region “Challenges and Future Actions”, Cairo, Egypt, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315684260-30

X. Gao, J.S. Pal, F. Giorgi, Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation over the Mediterranean region from a high resolution double nested RCM simulation, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, L03706, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl024954

F. Giorgi, P. Lionello, Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region, Global and Planetary Change, 63, 90-104, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005

R. Bouaicha, A. Benabdelfadel, Variability and Surface Water Management in Morocco, Sécheresse 21, pp 1-5, 2010.

Y. Tramblay, W. Badi, F. Driouech, S. El Adlouni, L. Neppel, E. Servat, Climate change impacts on extreme precipitation in Morocco, Global and Planetary Change, 82-83, 104-114, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.12.002

F. Lempérière, Dams and Floods, Engineering, 3, 144-149, 2017.

A. Chaponniere, V. Smakhtin, A review of climate change scenarios and preliminary rainfall trend analysis in the Oum er Rbia Basin, Morocco, Working Paper 110 (Drought Series: Paper 8) Colombo, Sri Lanka, International Water Management Institute, 2006.

P. Le Delliou et al. Guidelines for dam spillway design (French Committee for Dams and Reservoirs, Working Group: Dam spillway design, 2013).

F. Garavaglia, SCHADEX method for predetermining extreme floods: Methodology, applications, sensitivity studies, Earth Sciences, University of Grenoble, France, 2011.

R. Garcon, D. Aelbrecht, Impacts of climate change on hydrological extremes and dam safety, Conference on dams facing climate change, Grenoble, France, 2015.
Available online on https://www.barrages-cfbr.eu

L. Oualkacha, L. Stour, A. Agoumi, A. Kettab, Water and Land Security in Drylands, Chapter 2: Climate Change Impacts in the Maghreb Region: Status and Prospects of the Water Resources (Springer International Publishing-Switzerland, 2017, pp 17-25).
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54021-4_2

Kingdom of Morocco, Project of National Sustainable Development Strategy 2030-Final Report, 2017.
Available online on www.environnement.gov.ma

Aboulhassane, A., Rhouzlane, S., Ouazar, D., Sebari, K., Piano Key Weir Hydraulics: Experimental Study of Flow Patterns and Investigation of the Sloped Crest A-Type PKW, (2019) International Review of Civil Engineering (IRECE), 10 (2), pp. 104-116.
https://doi.org/10.15866/irece.v10i2.16338

B.P. Machado et al., Bulletin 172: Technical Advancements in Spillway design-Progress and Innovations from 1985 to 2015 (International Commission on Large Dams, Technical Committee on Hydraulics for dams, 2016).

F. Laugier, Design and construction of the first Piano Key Weir (PKW) spillway at the Goulours dam, International Journal of Hydropower & Dams, 14 (5), 94-101, 2007.

A. Ouamane, F. Lempérière, J.P. Vigny, The discharge of free-flow spillways could be increased fivefold by combining innovative spillways, Africa 2017, Morocco, 2017.

J. Vermeulen, F. Laugier, L. Faramond, C. Gille, Lessons learnt from design and construction of EDF first Piano Key, Intl. Conf. on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs-PKW 2011, pp 215-224, CRC Press, London, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b12349-33

F. Lempérière et al., Bulletin 144: Cost savings on dams (International Commission on Large Dams, 2010).

F. Laugier, J. Vermeulen, V. Lefebvre, Overview of Piano Key Weirs experience developed at EDF during the past few years, Intl. Conf. on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II-PKW 2013, pp 213- 226, CRC Press, London, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b15985-30

F. Laugier, J. Vermeulen, B. Blancher, Overview of design and construction of 11 Piano Key Weirs spillways developed in France by EDF from 2003 to 2016, Intl. Conf. on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III-PKW 2017, pp 37- 51, CRC Press, London, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315169064-6

P. Eichenberger, The first commercial Piano Key Weir in Switzerland, Intl. Conf. on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II-PKW 2013, pp 227-234, CRC Press, London, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b15985-31

M.A. Phillips, E.J. Lesleighter, Piano Key Weir spillway: Upgrade option for a major dam, Intl. Conf. on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II-PKW 2013, pp 159-168, CRC Press, London, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b15985-23

G. Das Singhal, N. Sharma, Rehabilitation of Sawara Kuddu Hydroelectric Project - Model studies of Piano Key Weir in India, Intl. Conf. on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs-PKW 2011, pp 241-250, CRC Press, London, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b12349-36

T. Pinchard, J.M. Boutet, G.M. Cicero, Spillway capacity upgrade at Malarce dam: Design of an additional Piano Key Weir spillway, Intl. Conf. on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs-PKW 2011, pp 233-240, CRC Press, London, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b12349-35

A. Bail, L. Deroo, J.P. Sixdenier, Designing a new spillway for the Rassisse Dam, Intl. Conf. on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II-PKW 2013, pp 169-176, CRC Press, London, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b15985-24

P.E. Loisel, P. Valley, F. Laugier, Hydraulic physical model of Piano Key Weirs as additional flood spillways on the Charmine dam, Intl. Conf. on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs II-PKW 2013, pp 195-202, CRC Press, London, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1201/b15985-27


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.



Please send any question about this web site to info@praiseworthyprize.com
Copyright © 2005-2024 Praise Worthy Prize