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Dispensed-Based Bio-Manufacturing Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications
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Abstract
Engineered scaffolds play a crucial role in tissue engineering. Made from biomaterial(s), tissue scaffolds facilitate cell growth and transport of nutrients and wastes while degrading gradually themselves. Fabrication of scaffolds has proven challenging, with an important barrier being the inability control the microstructure and spatially-controlled distribution of cells to mimic the structure and cell organization in native tissues while maintaining both mechanical and biological properties appropriate for tissue engineering applications. Recently, research has been emerging to an interdisciplinary area, i.e., bio-manufacturing scaffolds for tissue engineering applications, in which living cells are added during the fabrication process. This paper briefly reviews recent work and achievements in the field of dispensed-based bio-manufacturing, focus on the scaffold mechanical properties important to manufacturing, the control of scaffold microstructure, the preservation and control of cell viability. Also presented is a discussion on the challenges and the opportunities in this emerging field. In addition, time-dependent mechanical properties of scaffolds due to scaffold degradation and cell growth are discussed, along with their modeling methods. As an example, this paper also presents the development of living cell scaffolds for peripheral nerve repair, which is being pursued in the author’s lab
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