Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Evaluation of the Tsunamic Vulnerability of an Existing Structure in Metallic Framework by Combining of the Time History Method and Capacity Curves Analysis with Interpretation of the Results According to Risk UE


(*) Corresponding author


Authors' affiliations


DOI: https://doi.org/10.15866/irece.v8i5.13331

Abstract


The massive amount of human and material damages, caused by the tragic tsunami of 26 December 2004 to the Indian Ocean, has been an intense incentive for the scientists and the civil engineers to predict the behavior of existing structures under the influence of various solicitations generated by this sinister devastation. Harbor infrastructures, particularly logistics depots, chemical, thermal and nuclear power stations and also the various installations classified as highly sensitive, remain potential targets that are highly exposed to the risks of tsunamis, especially since they are mostly light structures made of metal and not designed or dimensioned to withstand this hazard. The present work consists in evaluating the tsunamic vulnerability of an existing metallic hangar at the Jorf Lasfar harbor in Morocco, located about few meters from the Atlantic Ocean, a site containing a significant industrial activity. We have, in a first step, modeled the structure, on the SAP 2000 software, in order to check its stability against the wind, in accordance with the Moroccan calculation regulation. Then, the forces generated by the waves were modeled with the experimental tests according to the topographic data of the studied area and taking into account the numerical simulation results. These ones gives the maximum height of the wave retained is that recorded by the dramatic tsunami perpetrated on 1 November 1755. This tsunami was assumed to be the most unfavorable and destroyer in the North Atlantic Ocean, including the Moroccan City of El Jadida, located less than 18 kms from Jorf Lasfar harbor, causing harm and massive damage at that time. In a second step, a capacity curve was established following an incremental and successive loading on each row of steel columns, forming the supporting structure of the metal frame, by progressive application of the tsunamic forces on the time history format. The height of the wave was increased by a step of 0.5 m until reaching the maximum height previously fixed. The nonlinearity was introduced to the model through the plastic hinges at the nodes. The capacity curve obtained, represents the base shear reaction force of the structure as a function of the maximum displacement, this allowed us to determine the point of performance and the global response of the structure. Finally, we have interpreted the fragility curves established according to Risk UE, and the determination of the vulnerability of the structure in order to suggest the possible scenarios that will have to be recommended according to the different modes of probable damage.
Copyright © 2017 Praise Worthy Prize - All rights reserved.

Keywords


Capacity Curves; Fragility Curves and Vulnerability; Modeling of Tsunamic Forces; Time History Analysis; Performance Point

Full Text:

PDF


References


F. Dall’Osso, A. Maramai, L. Graziani, B. Brizuela, A. Cavalletti, M. Gonella, and S. Tinti.: Applying and validating the PTVA-3 Model at the Aeolian Islands, Italy: assessment of the vulnerability of buildings to tsunamis, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 1547–1562, 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1547-2010

Suppasri A, Koshimura S, Imamura F. Developing tsunami fragility curves based on the satellite remote sensing and the numerical modeling of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 173–189, 2011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-173-2011

Reese, S., Cousins,W. J., Power, W. L., Palmer, N. G., Tejakusuma, I. G., and Nugrahadi, S.: Tsunami vulnerability of buildings and people in South Java - field observations after the July 2006 Java tsunami, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 573–589, 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-573-2007

Valencia, N., Gardi, A., Gauraz, A. L., Leone, F., and Guillande, R.: New tsunami damage functions developed in the framework of SCHEMA project: application to Euro-Mediterranean coasts Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 2011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2835-2011

El Mrabet T. 1991. The historical seismicity of Morocco (in Arabic) [Thesis of Master]. Rabat, Morocco: Faculty of letters, University Mohammed V; p. 291.

El Alami, S. O. and Tinti, S.: A preliminary evaluation of the tsunami hazards in the Moroccan coasts. Sc. of Tsunami Hazards, 31–38, 1991.

F. Kaabouben, M. A. Baptista, A. Iben Brahim, A. El Mouraouah, and A. Toto, On the moroccan tsunami catalogue Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1227–1236, 2009 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst- ci.net/9/1227/2009/

Guidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis Second Edition, FEMA P-646 / April 2012.

Japan Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, “Guidelines for Tsunami Evacuation Buildings,” http://www.bousai.go.jp/oshirase/ h17/tsunami hinan.html, 2005 (in Japanese).

Morison, J., O’Brien, M., Johnson, J. & Schaaf, S. (1950). The Force Exerted by Surface Waves on Piles, Petroleum Transactions 189, 149–154.

G. H. Keulegan, “Wave Motion,” In: Engineering Hydraulics, H. Rouse Ed.) John Wiley & Son, Inc. New York, pp. 711-768, 1950.

G. B. Whitham, “The Effects of Hydraulic Resistance in the Dambreak Problem,” Proc. Roy. Soc. A. Vol.227, pp.399-407, 1955.

J. J. Stoker, “Water Waves,” Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 567pp, 1957.

G. B. Whitham, “On the Propagation of Shock Waves through Regions of Non-uniform Area or Flow,” J. FluidMech., Vol.4, pp. 337-360, 1958.

H. B. Keller, D. A. Levine, and G. B. Whitham, “Motion of a Bore over a Sloping Beach,” J. Fluid Mech., Vol.7, pp. 302-316, 1960.

Y. Fukui, M. Nakamura, H. Shiraishi, and Y. Sasaki, “Hydraulic Study on Tsunami,” Coastal Engineering in Japan, Vol.6, pp. 67-82, 1963.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.03.009

M. C. Shen, and R. E. Meyer, “Climb of a Bore on a Beach. Part3. Run-up,” J. Fluid Mech., Vol.16, pp. 113-125, 1963.

R. Cross, “Tsunami Surge Forces,” J. of the Waterways and Harbors Division, In Proc. of the American Society of Civil engineers, Vol.93-WW4, pp. 201-231, 1967.

Goda, Y. (1974). New wave pressure formulae for composite breakwaters, Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Engineering Conference, 3, 1702–1720.

F. Camfield, “Tsunami Engineering,” Coastal Engineering Research Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Special Report (SR-6), 222, pp, 1980.

Dames and Moore, “Design and Construction Standards for Residential Construction in Tsunami-Prone Areas in Hawaii,” prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency by Dames & Moore, Washington, D.C., 1980.

H. Yeh, A. Ghazali, and I. Marton, “Experimental Study of Bore Runup,” J. Fluid Mech., Vol.206, pp. 563-578, 1989.

J. D. Ramsden and F. Raichlen, “Forces on Vertical Wall Caused by Incident Bores,” J. of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 116, No. 5, pp. 592-613, 1990.

J. D. Ramsden, “Tsunamis: Forces on a Vertical Wall Caused by Long Waves, Bores, and Surges on a Dry Bed,” Report No. KHR- 54, W.M. Keck Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., 251pp, 1993.

J. D. Ramsden, “Tsunamis Forces on a Vertical Wall Caused by Long Waves, Bores, and Surge on a Dry Bed,” J. of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, Vol.122, No.3, pp. 134-141, 1996.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1996)122:3(134)

S. Mizutani and F. Imamura, “Dynamic Wave Force of Tsunamis Acting on a Structure,” Proc. Int. Tsunami Symp., Washington, Vol.7, No.28, pp. 941-948, 2001.

Hamzah, M.A., Mase, H., and Takayama, T. (2000). Simulation and Experiment of Hydrodynamic Pressure on a Tsunami Barrier. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering, 1501-1507.

R. Asakura, K. Iwase, T. Ikeya, M. Takao, T. Kaneto, N. Fujii, and M. Ohmori, “The TsunamiWave Force Acting on Land Structures,” In Proc. of the 28th Int. Conf. on Coastal Engineering, Cardiff, Wales, pp. 1191-1202, 2002.

H. Yeh, “Maximum Fluid Forces in the Tsunami Runup Zone,” J. of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, Vol.132, No.6, pp. 496-500, 2006.

H. Yeh, “Design Tsunami Forces for Onshore Structures,” J. of Disaster Research, Vol.2, No.6, pp. 531-536, 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2007.p0531

Nakano, Y. (2007). “Design load evaluation for tsunami shelters based on damage observations after Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster due to the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake.”, Journal of Architecture and Building Science, Architectural Institute of Japan, 13: 25, 337-340 (in Japanese).
http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.13.337

P. Lukkunaprasit, A. Ruangrassamee, and N. Thanasisathit, “Tsunami Loading in Buildings with Openings,” In Proc. of the 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, ID 15-0017, 2008.

Nakano, Y. (2008). “Design load evaluation for tsunami shelters based on damage observations afterIndian Ocean Tsunami disaster due to the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake.”, Proceedings of The 14thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering (CDROM), Paper ID 15-0008, October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China.

H. Arnason, C. Petroff, and H. Yeh, “Tsunami Bore Impingement onto a Vertical Column,” J. Disaster Res., Vol.4, No.6, pp. 391-403, 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0391

P. Lukkunaprasit, N. Thanasisathit and H. Yeh, Experimental verification of FEMA P646 tsunami loading, Journal of Disaster Research, 4 (2009), no. 6, 45-53.
http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0410

Lukkunaprasit, P., Ruangrassamee, A. & Thanasisathit, N. (2009). Tsunami loading on buildings with openings, Science of Tsunami Hazards 28:5, 303–310.

Nouri, Y., I. Nistor, D. Palermo, and A. Cornett. 2010. Experimental investigation of the tsunami impact on free standing structures, Coastal Engineering Journal, JSCE, 52 (1), 43–70.

Rossetto, T., Allsop, W., Charvet, I. & Robinson, D. I. (2011). Physical modelling of tsunami using a new pneumatic wave generator, Coastal Engineering 58:6, 517–527. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378383911000135

Charvet, I. (2012). Experimental modelling of long elevated and depressed waves using a new pneumatic wave generator, PhD thesis, University College London, UK.

Lloyd, T. O. (2012). MPhil Transfer Report. Vulnerability of coastal infrastructure to tsunami: Analytical and experimental study. Master’s thesis, Department of Civil Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London.

Al-Faesly, T., Palermo, D., Nistor, I., and Cornett, A. (2012). Experimental modeling of extreme hydrodynamic forces on structural models. Int. J. Protective Structures, 3 (4), 476-505.

Douglas, S., Nistor, I., St-Germain, P. 3-D Multi-Phase Numerical Modelling of Tsunami-Induced Hydrodynamic Loading on Nearshore Structures. E-proceedings of the 36th IAHR World Congress 28 June – 3 July, 2015, The Hague, the Netherlands.

Papadopoulos, G. and Dermentzopoulos, T.: A Tsunami Risk Management Pilot Study in Heraklion, Crete, Nat. Hazards, 18, 91– 118, 1998.

Papathoma, M., Dominey-Howes, D., Zong, Y., and Smith, D.: Assessing tsunami vulnerability, an example from Herakleio, Crete, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 3, 377–389, doi:10.5194/nhess-3- 377-2003, 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-377-2003

Saatciouglu, M., Ghobarah, A., and Nistor, I.: Performance of structures in Thailand during the december 2004 great Sumatra earthquake and Indian ocean tsunami, Earthq. Spectra, Special Issue III, 22, S355–S375, 2005.

Ruangrassamee, A., Yanagisawa, H., Foytong, P., Lukkunaprasit, P., Koshimura, S. and Imamura, F.: Investigation of tsunamiinduced damage and fragility of buildings in Thailand after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Earthq. Spectra, Special Issue III, 22, S377–S401, 2006.

Ghobarah A., Saatcioglu, M., and Nistor, I.: The impact of the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami on structures and infrastructure, Eng. Struct., 28, 312–326, 2006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.09.028

Dominey-Howes, D. and Papathoma, M.: Validating a tsunami vulnerability assessment model (the “PTVA Model) using field data from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Nat. Hazards, 40(1), 113– 136, 2007.

Dall’Osso, F., Gonella, M., Gabbianelli, G., Withycombe, G., and Dominey-Howes, D.: Assessing the vulnerability of buildings to tsunami in Sydney, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 2015–2026, 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-2015-2009

Omira, R., Baptista, M. A., Matias, L., Miranda, J. M., Catita C., Carrilho F., and Toto E.: Design of a Sea-level Tsunami Detection Network for the Gulf of Cadiz, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1327–1338, 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1327-2009

Dall’Osso, F., Gonella, M., Gabbianelli, G., Withycombe, G., and Dominey-Howes, D.: A revised (PTVA) model for assessing the vulnerability of buildings to tsunami damage, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1557–1565, 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1557-2009

Dall’Osso, F. and Dominey-Howes, D.: Public assessment of the usefulness of “draft” tsunami evacuation maps from Sydney, Australia - implications for the establishment of formal evacuation plans, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 1739–1750, 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1739-2010

K. R. Karim, and F. Yamazaki, “A simplified method of constructing fragility curves for highway bridges, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,” Vol.32, pp. 1603-1626, 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.291

Leone, F., Denain, J. C., Vinet, F., and Bachri, S.: Analyse spatial des dommages au bˆati de Banda Aceh (Sumatra, Indon´esie): contribution `a la connaissance du ph´enom`ene et `a l’´elaboration de scenarios de risque tsunami, Scientific report of Tsunarisque (2005–2006) programme, 2006.

Peiris, N.: Vulnerability functions for tsunami loss estimation. First European conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (a joint event of the 13th ECEE and 30th General Assembly of the ESC), Geneva, Switzerland, Paper number 1121, 2006.

Vinet F., Denain J.-C., Gaillard J.-C., Clavé E., Leone F., Giyarsih S., Bachri S., 2006, Enjeux et modalités spatiales de la reconstruction post-tsunami à Banda Aceh, in LAVIGNE F.

Ruangrassamee, A., Yanagisawa, H., Foytong, P., Lukkunaprasit, P., Koshimura, S. and Imamura, F.: Investigation of tsunamiinduced damage and fragility of buildings in Thailand after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Earthq. Spectra, Special Issue III, 22, S377–S401, 2006.

Garcin, M., Prame, B., Attanayake, N., De Silva, U., Desprats, J. F., Fernando, S., Fontaine, M., Idier, D., Lenotre, N., Pedreros, R., and Siriwardana, C. H. E. R.: A Geographic Information System for Coastal Hazards. Application to a pilot site in Sri Lanka (Final Report), BRGM Open file BRGM/RP-55553-FR, 124 pp. 2007.

Reese, S., Cousins,W. J., Power,W. L., Palmer, N. G., Tejakusuma, I. G., and Nugrahadi, S.: Tsunami vulnerability of buildings and people in South Java - field observations after the July 2006 Java tsunami, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 573–589, 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-573-2007

Gauraz, A. L., Valencia, N., Koscielny, M., Guillande, R., Gardi, A., Leone, F., and Sala¨un, T.: Tsunami damages assessment: vulnerability functions on buildings based on field and earth observation survey, Geophys Res Abstr., 11, EGU2009-5785, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2009.

Guillande, R., Kocielnym, Sala¨un, T., Atillah, A., and Ribeiro, J.: SCHEMA Delivarable 2.1: Generic aspects and rules on vulnerability evaluation: Definition of tsunami vulnerability criteria (primary, secondary) and damage Classification of the building vulnerability as regards to tsunami hazard, 85 pp., www. schemaproject.org, 2009.

Koshimura S, Oie T, Yanagisawa H, Imamura F. 2009a. Developing fragility curves for tsunami damage estimation using numerical model and post-tsunami data from Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Coast Eng J. 51:243–273.

Koshimura S, Namegaya Y, Yanagisawa H. 2009b. Tsunami Fragility: a new measure to assess tsunami damage. J Disaster Res. 4:479–488.

Dias WPS, Yapa HD, Peiris LMN. 2009. Tsunami vulnerability functions from field surveys and Monte Carlo simulation. Civ Eng Environ Syst. 26:181–194

Leone F, Lavigne F, Paris R, Denain JC, Vinet F. 2011. A spatial analysis of the December 26th, 2004 tsunami-induced damages: lessons learned for a better risk assessment integrating buildings vulnerability. Appl Geogr. 31:363–375.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.07.009

Renou, C., Lesne, O., Mangin, A., Rouffi, F., Atillah, A., El Hadani, D., and Moudni, H.: Tsunami hazard assessment in the coastal area of Rabat and Sal´e, Morocco, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 2181–2191, 2011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2181-2011

Atillah A, El Hadani D, Moudni H, Lesne O, Renou C, Mangin A, Rouffi F. 2011. Tsunami vulnerability and damage assessment in the coastal area of Rabat and Salé, Morocco.Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci. 11: 3397–3414.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-3397-2011

Manabu Masuda, Chesley Williams, Ali Shahkarami, Farhat Rafique Jason Bryngelson, Tsunami Vulnerability Function Development Earthquake in Japan Paper Title Line 1 Based on the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake in Japan, Risk Management Solutions, Inc., USA Tamiyo Kondo Kobe University, Japan, 15 WCEE Lisboa 2012.

Suppasri A, Mas E, Koshimura S, Charvet I, Gunasekera R, Imai K, Kukutaro Y, Abe Y, Imamura F. 2013. Building damage characteristics based on surveyed data and fragility curves of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. Nat Hazards. 66:319–341.

S. Benchekroun, R. Omira, M. A. Baptista, A. El Mouraouah, A. Ibenbrahim, and E. A. Toto, “Tsunami impact and vulnerability in the harbour area of Tangier, Morocco,” Geomatics, Nat. Hazards Risk, no. November, pp. 1–23, 2013.

A. Bendada, A. EL Hammoumi, K. Gueraoui, M. Sammouda, and A. Ibenbrahim, “On the Vulnerability of Coastal Buildings in the Gulf of Cadiz under Tsunami Forces,” Contemp. Eng. Sci. HIKARI Ltd, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 497–511, 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ces.2016.59275

F. Imamura, C. Goto, and N. Shuto, “Study on Numerical Tsunami Forecasting System – Accuracy of numerical models,” Tsunami Engineering Technical Report, Tohoku University, Vol.3, pp. 23-87, 1986 (in Japanese).

Heinrich, Ph., Baptista, M. A., and Miranda, P.: Numerical simulations of the 1969 tsunami along the Portuguese coasts, Preliminary Results. Sc. of Tsunami Hazards, 12, 1, 3–25, 1994.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3331-1_13

Liu PL-F, Cho Y-S, Briggs MJ, Synolakis CE, Kanoglu U. 1995. Run-up of solitary waves on a circular island. J Fluid Mech. 302:259–285.

Gjevik, B., Pederson, G., Dybesland, E., Miranda, P. M., Baptista, M. A., Heinrich, P., and Massinon, B.: Modelling tsunamis from earthquake sources near Gorringe Bank southwest of Portugal, J. Geophys. Res., 102(C13), 27931–27949, 1997.

Baptista, M. A., Miranda, P. M. A., Miranda, J. M., and Mendes- Victor, L.: Constrains on the source of the 1755 Lisbon tsunami from numerical modelling of historical data on the source of the 1755 Lisbon tsunami, J. Geodynamics, 25, 159–174, 1998.

Liu PL-F, Woo S-B, Cho, Y-S. 1998. Computer programs for tsunami propagation and inundation. Technical report. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.

Ohmori, M., Fujii, N. & Kyotani, O. (2000). The numerical computation of the water level, the flow velocity and the wave force of the tsunami which overflow the perpendicular revetments - (in Japanese), Proceedings of the Coastal Engineerings of JSCE 47, 376–380.

Yoon, S. B. [2002] “Propagation of distant tsunamis over slowly varying topography,” Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (C10), American Geophysical Union, 4.1–4.11.

Teh, S. Y., Koh, H. L. and Izani, A. M. I. [2006] “A model investigation on tsunami propagation in Malaysian and Thailand coastal water,” Association of Engineering Education in Southeast and East Asia and the Pacific (AEESEAP), Journal of Engineering Education 31, 7–14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4307/jsee.54.6_61

Dalrymple, R. A., and B. D. Rogers. 2006. Numerical modeling of water waves with the SPH method, Coastal Engineering, 53(2-3), 141-147.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.10.004

Koh, H. L., Teh, S. Y. and Izani, A. M. I. [2007] Tsunami Mitigation Management Technology, Asia Pacific Tech. Monitor, Nov–Dec 2007 24(6), Special Features, pp. 47–54, The United Nations Asian and Pacific Center for Transfer of Technology (UN-APCTT), India.
http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/cfab606a-en

Koh, H. L., Teh, S. Y., Liu, P. L.-F., Izani, A. M. I. and Lee, H. L. [2008] “Simulation of Andaman 2004 tsunami for assessing impact on Malaysia,” Journal of Asian Earth Sciences (in press).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.09.008

Teh, S. Y., DeAngelis, D., Sternberg, L., Miralles-Wilhelm, F. R., Smith, T. J. and Koh, H. L. [2008] “A simulation model for projecting changes in salinity concentrations and species dominance in the coastal margin habitats of the everglades,” Ecological Modeling 213(2), 245–256.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.12.007

Omira, R., Baptista, M. A., Miranda, J. M., Toto, E., Catita, C., and Catala, J.: Tsunami vulnerability assessment of Casablanca- Morocco using numerical modelling and GIS tools, Nat. Hazards, Springer, The Netherlands, 2009a.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9454-4

Koh Hock Lye, Teh Su Yean, Kewlee Ming And Nor Azazi Zakaria, Simulation of Future Andaman Tsunami into Straits of Malacca by Tuna, Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2009) 89–100 c World Scientific Publishing Company.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431109000470

Mellas S., Leone F., Omira R., GherardI M., Baptista M-A., Zourarah B., Péroche M. et Lagahé E. (2012). Le risque tsunamique au Maroc: modélisation et évaluation au moyen d'un premier jeu d'indicateurs d'exposition du littoral atlantique. Physio-Géo – Géographie Physique et Environnement, 2012, volume VI. Pp 119-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/physio-geo.2589

Benchekroune, S., Omira, R., Baptista, M. A., El Mouraouah, A., Iben Brahim, A. I., & Toto, E. A. (2013). Tsunami impact and vulnerability in the harbour area of Tangier, Morocco. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, (November), 1–23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2013.858373

SHITO Motoaki, INUZUKA Ittetsu, AMAYA Ichiro, SAITO Hiroyuki, KURATA Junji, Numerical Simulations and Experiments on Tsunami for the Design of Coastal and Offshore Structures, IHI Engineering Review Vo l . 4 6 No. 2 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-3702

RISK UE: An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to different European towns Contract: EVK4-CT-2000-00014, September 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3608-6_23

http://lestsunamis.free.fr/partie3.html, les tsunamis TPE.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13188/2332-4139.s100001

SAP2000, Integrated Finite Element Analysis, SAP2000 Web tutorial 1: Detailed tutorial including pushover analysis. Computer and structures Inc, Berkeley, California, 1998.

SAP2000, Integrated Finite Element Analysis, SAP2000 Web tutorial 2: Quick pushover analysis tutorial. Computer and structures Inc, Berkeley, California, 1998.

Benjabrou, M., Zeggwagh, G., Gueraoui, K., Sammouda, M., Driouich, M., Evaluation of Seismic Vulnerability of Existing Reinforced Concrete Structure by Non-Iterative Spectral Method Using Pushover Analysis with Interpretation of Fragility Curves by RISK UE, (2017) International Review of Civil Engineering (IRECE), 8 (4), pp. 177-186.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/irece.v8i4.11892

Federal Emergency Management Agency, NEHRP recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures: FEMA273, 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586085

Cahier des prescriptions spéciales applicables au calcul des structures dues au vent, Royaume du Maroc, Ministère des travaux publics de la formation professionnelle et de la formation des cadres, Division des affaires techniques, Division de la normalisation et de la réglementation technique.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/978-3-0352-0270-0/21

Eurocode 3, Design of steel structures, Ed. Eyrolles (2004).

Tricha, M., Gueraoui, K., Zeggwagh, G., Mzerd, A., New Numerical and Theoretical Approaches to Study the Blood Flows at Microcirculation Level, (2014) International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME), 8 (6), pp. 1043-1046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/ireme.v8i6.2725

M. Sammouda, K. Gueraoui, M. Driouich, A. El Hammoumi and A. Iben Brahim, The Variable Porosity Effect on the Natural Convection in a Non-Darcy Porous Media, International Review on Modeling and Simulations (IREMOS),4 (5), pp. 2701-2707 2011.

Ghouli A., Gueraoui K., Walid M., Aberdane I., El Hammoumi A., Kerroum M., Zeggwagh G. and Haddad Y., (2009), Numerical Study of Evolution Process of Pollutant Propagation in a Homogeneous Porous Medium unsaturated, International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME), Vol.3, N.3, pp. 358-362.

Gueraoui, K., Hammoumi, A., Zeggwagh, G. (1996), Ecoulements pulsés de fluides inélastiques en conduites déformables poreuses et anisotropes, C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 323, série B, pp. 825-832.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/1998075

M. Sammouda, K. Gueraoui, M. Driouich, A. El Hammoumi and A. Iben Brahim, Non-Darcy Natural Convection Heat Transfer Along a Vertical Cylinder Filled by a Porous Media with Variable porosity, International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME), 6 (4), 2012.

Sammouda, M., Gueraoui, K., Driouich, M., Ghouli, A., Dhiri, A., Double Diffusive Natural Convection in Non-Darcy Porous Media with Non-Uniform Porosity, (2013) International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME), 7 (6), pp. 1021-1030.

R. Chammami, M. Taibi, M. Hami, M. Kerroum, K. Gueraoui and G. Zeggwagh, Influence de la nature de la paroi sur un modèle d'écoulements pulsés de fluides diphasiques. Application à la microcirculation, Influence of the kind of duct on two-fluid pulsatile flows model. Application to the microcirculation, Houille Blanche, 2001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2001030

M. Taibi, R. Chammami, M. Kerroum,K. Gueraoui, A. El Hammoumi and G. Zeggwagh, Modélisations des écoulements pulsés à deux phases, en conduites déformables ou rigides, Pulsating flow of two phases in deformable or rigide tubes, ITBM-RBM, 2002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1297-9562(02)80012-2

I. Aberdane, K. Gueraoui, M. Taibi, A. Ghouli, A. El Hammoumi, M. Cherraj, M. Kerroum, M. Walid, O. Fassi Fihri and Y.M. Haddad, Two Dimensional Theoretical and Numerical Approach of pollutant transport in the Lowest Layers of the Atmosphere, International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME), 3 (4), 2009.

El Khaoudi, F., Gueraoui, K., Driouich, M., Sammouda, M., Numerical and Theoretical Modeling of Natural Convection of Nanofluids in a Vertical Rectangular Cavity, (2014) International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS), 7 (2), pp. 350-355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/iremos.v7i2.585

S. Men-La-Yakhaf, K. Gueraoui and M. Driouich, New numerical and mathematical code reactive mass transfer and heat storage facilities of Argan waste, Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics, 8(10), 485 - 498, 2014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/astp.2014.4331

Bendada, A., El Hammoumi, A., Gueraoui, K., Sammouda, M., IbenBrahim, A., El Mouraouah, A., On the vulnerability of costal buildings in the Gulf of Cadiz under the tsunami forces. Contemporary Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9, 2016, no. 11, 497 – 511.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ces.2016.59275


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.



Please send any question about this web site to info@praiseworthyprize.com
Copyright © 2005-2024 Praise Worthy Prize