Geographic Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: Design and Security Perspectives

Ali Idarous Adnan; Zurina M. Hanapi

doi:10.15866/irecap.v5i4.6252

Geographic Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: Design and Security Perspectives

Ali Idarous Adnan^(1*), Zurina M. Hanapi⁽²⁾

^(*) Corresponding author

Authors' affiliations

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15866/irecap.v5i4.6252

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of inexpensive sensor nodes used in a variety of practical applications. The applications include monitoring of critical information, such as monitoring patients’ health and enemy’s movements in the battleground. Due to the uniqueness of sensor nodes' features, the routing and security designs pose a great challenge for researchers. Currently, a number of surveys on design issues are available. However, there is still room for more comprehensive and detailed survey to further enhance readers’ understanding of this particular domain of research. This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art for geographic routing protocols in WSN which demonstrates the challenges and issues with regard to design aspects. Moreover, the schematic category of the key design attributes for WSN geographic routing protocols is presented. The design attributes are classified based on geographic routing protocols to be optional, fundamental or vital. The similarities and differences of different geographic routing approaches are summarized based on key design attributes and attack protection. Furthermore, the existing attacks in literature are classified based on the existing threats pose by the adversary in WSN. Finally, the paper discusses future research issues related to geographic routing design in WSN.
Copyright © 2015 Praise Worthy Prize - All rights reserved.

Keywords

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN); Attacks; Routing; Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)

Full Text:

PDF

References

P. Karkaziss, H. C. Leligou, T. Orphanoudakis and T. Zahariadis, Geographic Routing in Wireless Sensor networks, International Conference on Telecommunications and Multimedia (TEMU), pp. 19-24, ISBN 978-1-4673-2781, 2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/temu.2012.6294717

C. Karlof, and D. Wagner, Secure Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: Attacks and Countermeasures, Elsevier’s Ad Hoc Networks Journal, Special Issue on Sensor Network applications and Protocols, pp. 1293-315, 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-8705(03)00008-8

I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, Wireless sensor networks: a survey Computer Networks, Vol. 40, pp. 102-114, 2002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2002.1024422

Y. K. Tan, Sustainable wireless sensor networks. Rijeka, Croatia: Intech Publishers, Dec. 2010, ch 12. Pp 279-309

S. Nikjoo, A. S. Tehrani, and P. Kumarawadu. "Secure routing in sensor networks." In Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2007. CCECE 2007. Canadian Conference on, pp. 978-981. IEEE, 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccece.2007.250

K. Akkaya, and M. Younis, A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. Ad hoc networks, 3(3), 325-349,2005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2003.09.010

Y. C. Yu, and G. Wei, Survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. Application Research of Computers, 6, 1616-1621, 2008.

S. K. Singh, M. P. Singh, and D. K. Singh, Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks, A Survey International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol. 1, n. 2, 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcses.2010.1206

D. Goyal and, and M. R. Tripathy, Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey, In Second International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies, pp. 474 – 480, ISBN 978-1-4673-0471-9, 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acct.2012.98

R. V. Biradar, V. C. Patil, S. R. Sawant, and R. R. Mudholkar, Classification and Comparison of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks, Special Issue on Ubiquitous Computing Security Systems, Vol. 4, pp. 325-349, July 2009.

N. Bulusu, D. Estrin, L. Girod, and J. Heidemann, Scalable coordination for wireless sensor networks: self-configuring localization systems, International Symposium on Communication Theory and Applications (ISCTA 2001), Ambleside, UK, July 2001.

J. M. Kahn, R.H Katz, and K. S. J., Pister, Next century challenges: mobile networking for smart dust, Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom’99,Washington, USA, pp.271–278, 1999.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/313451.313558

N. Noury, T. Herve, V. Rialle, G. Virone, E. Mercier, G. Morey, A. Moro, and T. Porcheron, Monitoring behaviour in home using a smart fall sensor, IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, , pp. 607–610, October 2000.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmb.2000.893857

B. Warneke, B. Liebowitz, K.S.J. Pister, Smart dust: communicating with a cubic-millimeter computer, IEEE Computer, Vol. 34, pp 2–9, January 2001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/2.895117

J. Kulik, W. R. Heinzelman and H. Balakrishnan, Negotiation–Based Protocols for Disseminating Information in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Wireless Networks, Vol 8, pp. 169-185, 2002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1013715909417

W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, Energy-efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks, IEEE Computer Society Proceedings of the 3rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS '00) vol. 8, pp. 8020, 2002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2000.926982

P. Karkaziss, H. C. Leligou, T. Orphanoudakis and T. Zahariadis, Geographic Routing in Wireless Sensor networks International Conference on Telecommunications and Multimedia (TEMU), 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/temu.2012.6294717

A. Maghsoudlou , St-Hilaire M, and T. Kunz, A Survey on Geographic Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad hoc Networks, Systems and Computer Engineering, Technical Report SCE-11-0, 2011.

M. C. Zheng, D. F. Zhang and J. Luo, Minimum hop routing wireless sensor network based on ensuring of data link reliability, in Proceeding in International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc Sensor Network, pp. 212-217, 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msn.2009.53

O. Erdene-Ochir, M. Minier, F. Valois and Kountouris, Toward resilient routing in wireless sensor networks: Gradient routing in focus, in Proceeding of 4th International Conference on Sensor Technological Application, pp, 478-483, 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensorcomm.2010.77

H. Zhang and H. Shen, Energy-efficient beaconless geographic routing in wireless sensor networks, IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst., vol. 21 no. 6, pp 881-896, Jun 2010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2009.98

M. Saraogi , Security in wireless sensor networks, Department of Computer Science University of Tennessee, 2003.

A. M. Popescu, I. G. Tudorache, Bo. Peng, and A. H. Kemp Surveying Position Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor and Ad-hoc Networks, International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security (IJCNIS) Vol. 4, no. 1., 2012.

H. S. Ng, M. L. Sim,. C. M. Tan, Security issues on wireless sensor networks in healthcare applications. BT Technol. J. 2006, 24, 138–144.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10550-006-0051-8

P. Kumar, H. J. Lee, Security issues in healthcare applications using wireless medical sensor networks: A survey. Sensors (Basel), 2012, 12, 55–91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120100055

A. K. Pathan, H. W. Lee, C. S. Hong, Security in Wireless Sensor Networks: Issues and Challenges, ICACT, pp: 1043 – 1048, 2006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icact.2006.206151

M. Sookhak, R. Karimi, N. Ithnin, Haghparast and I. F. ISnin Secure Geographic Routing Protocol: Issues and Approaches, International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 8, Issue 4 ISSN 1694-0814, July 2011.

L. Zhou and 2. Haas, "Securing ad hoc networks:' IEEE Network Magazine, vol. 13. no. 6. November/December 1999.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/65.806983

J. Hubaux. L. Bullyan, and S. Capkun, The quest for security in mobile ad hoc networks, in Proceeding of the ACM Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHOC- 2001), 2001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/501416.501437

J. Kong, P. Zerfos, H. Luo, S. Lu, L. Zhang, Providing Robust and Ubiquitous Security Support for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks, in: ICNP-2001, pp. 251–260, 2001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnp.2001.992905

J. Yick, Mukherjee and D. Ghosal, Wireless Sensor Network Suvery, Journal of Elsevier, Computer Network, 52(12), pp. 2292-2330, 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2008.04.002

J. Rehana, Security of wireless sensor network. Seminar on Internetworking (TKK T- 110.5190). Helsinki University of Technology, 2009.

L. Eschenauer and V. D. Gligor, A key-management scheme for distributed sensor networks. In CCS ’02: Proceedings of the 9th ACM conference on Computer and communications security, pages 41–47, New York, NY, USA, 2002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/586110.586117

C. Karlof, N. Sastry, and D. Wagner. Tinysec: a link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks. In SenSys ’04: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 162–175, New York, NY, USA, 2004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1031495.1031515

S. Zhu, S. Setia, and S. Jajodia, Leap: efficient security mechanisms for large-scale distributed sensor networks. In CCS ’03: Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on Computer and communications security, pages 62–72, New York, NY, USA, 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/948109.948120

C. S. R. Murthy and B. S. Manoj, Prentice Hall PTR, Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: Architectures and Protocols, (Upper Saddle River ,2004 206-208)

C. Karlof and D. Wagner, Secure routing in wireless sensor networks: Attacks and countermeasures. Ad hoc networks, 1(2), 293-315, 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-8705(03)00008-8

Y. Yu, R. Govindan, D. Estrin, Geographical and Energy Aware Routing: a recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks, 2001.

S. Carter and Yasinsac, A Secure Position Aided Ad-Hoc Routing, Proceedings of the LASTED International Conference on Communications and Computer Networks (CCN02), pp.329-334, 2002.

B. Blum, T. He, S. Son, and J. Stankovic, IGF: A state-free robust communication protocol for wireless sensor networks. Technical Report CS-2003-11, Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, 2003.

M. Witt and V. Turau, BGR: Blind geographic routing for sensor networks, Intelligent Solutions in Embedded Systems pp. 51-61, 2005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wises.2005.1438712

A. D. Wood and J. Stankovic, SIGF: A family of Configurable Secure Routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks, Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Security on Ad-hoc and Sensor Network (SASN2006), pp. 35-48, 2006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1180345.1180351

A. Pirzada and C. McDonald, Trusted Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing. ICON 15th IEEE International Conference on Networks, pp. 206-211, 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icon.2007.4444087

B. Karp and H. T. Kung, GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks, the 6th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom), p. 12 Boston: MobiCom, 2000.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/345910.345953

J. Champ and C. Saad, An Energy-Efficient Geographic Routing with Location Errors in Wireless Sensor Networks, The International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks (I-SPAN), pp.105-110, 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i-span.2008.49

G. Wang and G. Wang, An energy-aware geographic routing algorithm for mobile ad-hoc network, 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 24th-26th Sept WiCom '09. Beijing, 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2009.5303170

A. G. A. Elrahim, H. A. Elsayed, S. E. Ramly and M. M. Ibrahim, An Energy Aware WSN Geographic Routing Protocol, Universal Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Technology 1 (2), 105- 111, ISSN: 2219-2158, Nov. 2010.

J. C. Lemmon and P. Musumeci, Boundary Mapping and Boundary State Routing (BSR) in Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE transaction on mobile computing, Vol. 7, No. 1 January 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2007.70722

A. Vineela and Venkateswara R. K. "Secure geographic routing protocol in MANETs." Emerging Trends in Electrical and Computer Technology (ICETECT), 2011 International Conference on. IEEE, 2011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetect.2011.5760276

Z. M. Hanapi, M. Ismail, K. Jumari, and M. Mahdavi, Dynamic Secure Implicit Geographic Forwarding Routing for Wireless Sensor Network, World Academic of Science, Engineering and Technology 51, 2009.

T. Mulugeta, L. Shu, M. Hauswirth, Z. Zhou and S. Nishio, Secure Geographic Forwarding in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network, Journal of Information Processing Vol. no.1, 54-64, Jan, 2010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2197/ipsjjip.20.54

L. Shu, Y. Zhang, L.T. Yang, Y. Wang, M. Hauswirth, and N. Xiong, TPGF: geographic routing in wireless multimedia sensor networks, Telecommunication Systems Nov., 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11235-009-9227-0

R. Marin-Perez and P. M. Ruiz, SBGR: A Simple Self-Protected Beaconless Geographic Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks, Eighth IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems, 2011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mass.2011.144

M. Heissenbüttel, T. Braun, Th. Bernoulli, and M. Wächli, BLR: Beacon-Less Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks, Elsevier's Computer Communications Journal (ECC), vol. 27, no. 11, July 2004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2004.01.012

K. Peters, A. Jabbar, E. K. Cetinkaya, J. P. Sterbenz, A Geographic Routing Protocol for Highly-Dynamic Aeronautical Network, In IEEE Wireless Communication and Network Conference (WCNC), March, 2011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2011.5779182

S. Ramachandran and V. Shanmugam, Securing GMR Protocol using TESLA Based Certificate for WSN, European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 94 no 2, January, pp.186-196, 2013.

J. Sanchez, P. Ruiz, X. Liu, and I. Stojmenovic, GMR: Geographic multicast routing for wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE SECON, 2006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2007.894149

P. R. Vamsi, and K. Kant, Self Adaptive Trust Model for Secure Geographic Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications (IJISA), 7(3), 21, 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijisa.2015.03.03

Jaksukam, K., Vorapojpisut, S., A study on data collection behaviors for a class of multi-hop wireless sensor networks based on probability model, (2015) International Review on Computers and Software (IRECOS), 10 (6), pp. 635-642.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/irecos.v10i6.6770

Anitha, R.U., Kadhar Nawaz, G.M., Development of a secure, energy efficient and reliable routing protocol for mobile wireless sensor networks, (2014) International Review on Computers and Software (IRECOS), 9 (3), pp. 487-494.

Anna Devi, E., Martin Leo Manickam, J., A novel technique for prolonging the connectivity of wireless sensor networks, (2015) International Review on Computers and Software (IRECOS), 10 (2), pp. 222-229.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/irecos.v10i2.5169

Touil, H., Fakhri, Y., QoS-aware MAC protocols based on the IEEE 802.11e for wireless multimedia sensor networks, (2014) International Review on Computers and Software (IRECOS), 9 (3), pp. 440-449.

Refbacks

There are currently no refbacks.

Username
Password
Remember me