Advancement in the Structural Polymorphism of G-Quadruplexes


(*) Corresponding author


Authors' affiliations


DOI's assignment:
the author of the article can submit here a request for assignment of a DOI number to this resource!
Cost of the service: euros 10,00 (for a DOI)

Abstract


Genomes contain a large number of putative guanine-rich sequences, specifically on promoter regions, untranslated regions (UTR’s) and telomeres etc. that could form guanine-quadruplexes, and may serve as important structural and regulatory elements. They can also be the source of genomic instability which may lead to cancer, aging and human genetic diseases. Four guanines in the same plane, joined together with Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, and stacked over one another resulting in guanine tetrads, give rise to an incredible class of G-quadruplexes. An extensive range of G-quadruplex structures is well documented, where they differ in number of strands (uni, bi, or tetramolecular), conformations (parallel, antiparallel or mixed), shapes (chair or basket form), or types of loops (edgewise/ lateral, diagonal, double chain reversal/ propeller, or V-shaped loops) etc. With advancements in the techniques, various new multistranded G-rich DNA structures are enriching the DNA structural databases. The most recent ones are (3+1) G-quadruplex, Tri-G-quadruplex, G-triplex DNA etc. which actually add to the diversity of G-quadruplex structures. Exploring their polymorphism with various biophysical and biochemical techniques has hence become extremely important. This review mainly focuses on the discussion of these unusual and comparatively new polymorphic G-quadruplex DNA structures. The robustness of these unique (3+1) G-quadruplex or G-triplex or tri-G-quadruplex structures actually can be exploited for providing a strong foundation for the designing of structure-specific drugs.
Recently, G-quadruplex structures have been quantitatively visualized in human cells by engineering structure-specific antibody. Considering these developments, the mapping of G-quadruplex structures in genome may now be possible, with a goal of controlling the gene functions or other cellular processes, which might be involved in diseases like cancer.
Copyright © 2014 Praise Worthy Prize - All rights reserved.

Keywords


G-Quadruplex; G-Triplex; (3+1) G-Quadruplex; Human Telomeric Sequence; Structural Polymorphism; Tri-G-Quadruplex

Full Text:

PDF


References


W. Saenger, Principles of nucleic acid structure, Springer-Verlag, New York (1984).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5190-3

M. D., Frank-Kamenetskii, and S. M. Mirkin, Triplex DNA structures, Annu. Rev. Biochem, Volume 64, 1995, Pages 65-95.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.64.070195.000433

J. Zhao, A. Bacolla, G. Wang, K. M. Vasquez, Non-B DNA structure-induced genetic instability and evolution, Cell Mol. Life Sci., Volume 67, (Issue 1), 2010, Pages 43–62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0131-2

C. Helene, The anti-gene strategy, control of gene expression by triplex-forming-oligonucleotides, Anticancer Drug Des., Volume 6, (Issue 6), 1991, Pages 569-584.

J. L. Leroy, The formation pathway of i-motif tetramers, Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 37, (Issue 12), 2009, Pages 4127–4134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkp340

T. M. Bryan, P. Baumann, G-Quadruplexes: From Guanine Gels to Chemotherapeutics, Mol. Biotechnol., Volume 49, (Issue 2), 2011, Pages 198–208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12033-011-9395-5

C. J. Lech, B. Heddi, A. T. Phan, Guanine base stacking in G-quadruplex nucleic acids, Nucleic Acids Res. Volume 41 (Issue 3), 2013, Pages 2034–2046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1110

D. W. Sen, W. Gilbert, Novel DNA superstructures formed by telomere-like oligomers, Biochemistry, Volume 31, (Issue 1), 1992, Pages 65-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00116a011

D. W. Sen, W. Gilbert, Guanine quartet structures, Methods Enzymol., Volume 211, 1992, Pages 191-199.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(92)11012-8

D. W. Sen, W. Gilbert, Formation of parallel four stranded complexes by guanine rich motifs in DNA and its implications for meiosis, Nature, Volume 334, (Issue 6180), 1988, Pages 364-366.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/334364a0

J. R. Williamson, M. K. Raghuraman, T. R. Cech, Monovalent cation-induced structure of telomeric DNA, The G-quartet model, Cell, Volume 59, (Issue 5), 1989, Pages 871-880.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90610-7

W. I. Sundquist, A. Klug, Telomeric DNA dimerizes by formation of guanine tetrads between hairpin loops, Nature Volume 342, (Issue 6251), 1989, Pages 825-829.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/342825a0

E. H. Blackburn, Telomeres, Trends Biochem. Sci., Volume 16, (Issue 10), 1991, Pages 378-381.

E. H. Blackburn, Structure and function of telomeres, Nature, Volume 350, (Issue 6319), 1991, Pages 569-573.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/350569a0

R. J. Wellinger, D. Sen, The DNA structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, Eur. J. Cancer., Volume 33, (Issue 5), 1997, Pages 735-749.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(97)00067-1

J. L. Huppert, A. Bugaut, S. Kumari, S. Balasubramanian, G quadruplexes: the beginning and end of UTRs, Nucleic Acids Res., Volume 36, (Issue 19), 2008, Pages 6260–6268.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn511

J. R. Williamson, G-quartet structures in telomeric DNA, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. Volume 23, 1994 Pages 703-730.

R. M. Abu-Ghazalah, S. Rutledge, L. W. Lau, D. N. Dubins, R. B. Macgregor Jr, A. S. Helmy, Concentration-dependent structural transitions of human telomeric DNA sequences, Biochemistry Volume 51, (Issue 37), 2012, Pages 7357-7366.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi300689t

J. Palacky, M. Vorlickova, I. Kejnovska, P. Mojze, P. Polymorphism of human telomeric quadruplex structure controlled by DNA concentration: a Raman study, Nucleic Acids Res., Volume 41, (Issue 2), 2013, Pages 1005-1016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1135

D. Sun, L. H. Hurley, Biochemical techniques for the characterization of G-quadruplex structures: EMSA, DMS footprinting, and DNA polymerase stop assay, Methods Mol. Biol., Volume 608, 2010, Pages 65-79.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-363-9_5

J. L. Mergny, L. Lacroix, (2003) Analysis of thermal melting curves, Oligonucleotides, Volume 13, (Issue 6), 2003, Pages 515-537.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/154545703322860825

P. A. Rachwal, K. R. Fox, (2007) Quadruplex melting, Methods, Volume 43, (Issue 4), 2007, Pages 291-301.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.05.004

B. Pagano, A. Randazzo, I. Fotticchia, E. Novellino, L. Petraccone, C. Giancola, Differential scanning calorimetry to investigate G-quadruplexes structural stability, Methods, Volume 64, (Issue 1), 2013, Pages 43-51.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.02.018

B. Juskowiak, S. Takenaka, Fluorescence resonance energy transfer in the studies of guanine quadruplexes, Methods Mol. Biol., Volume 335, 2006, Pages 311-341.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59745-069-3:311

M. Vorlickova, I. Kejnovska, J. Sagi, D. Renciuk, K. Bednarova, J. Motlova, J. Kypr, (2012) Circular dichroism and guanine quadruplexes, Methods, Volume 57, (Issue 1), 2012, Pages 64-75.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.03.011

S. Paramasivan, I. Rujan, P. H. Bolton, Circular dichroism of quadruplex DNAs, Applications to structure, cation effects and ligand binding, Methods, Volume 43, (Issue 4), 2007, Pages 324-331.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.02.009

A. I. Karsisiotis, N. M. Hessari, E. Novellino, G. P. Spada, A. Randazzo, M. Webba da Silva, Topological characterization of nucleic acid G-quadruplexes by UV absorption and circular dichroism, Angew Chem Int. Ed. Engl. Volume 50, (Issue 45), 2011, Pages 10645-10648.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201105193

S. Massiero, R. Trotta, S. D. Tito, R. Perone, A. Randazzo, G. P. Spada, A non-empirical chromophoric interpretation of CD spectra of DNA G-quadruplex structures, Org. Biomol. Chem., Volume 8, (Issue 12), 2010, Pages 2683-2692.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c003428b

N. H. Campbell, G. N. Parkinson, Crystallographic studies of quadruplex nucleic acids, Methods, Volume 43, (Issue 4), 2007, Pages 252-263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.08.005

A. I. Karsisiotis, M. Webba da Silva, Structural Probes in Quadruplex Nucleic Acid Structure Determination by NMR, Molecules, Volume 17, (Issue 11), 2012, Pages 13073-13086.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules171113073

M. Adrian, B. Heddi, A. T. Phan, NMR spectroscopy of G-quadruplexes, Methods, Volume 57, (Issue 1), 2012, Pages 11-24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.05.003

D. J. Patel, A. T. Phan, V. Kuryavyi, Human telomere, oncogenic promoter and 5'-UTR G-quadruplexes, diverse higher order DNA and RNA targets for cancer therapeutics, Nucleic Acids Res., 35, (Issue 22), 2007, Pages 7429-7455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm711

Y. Qin, L. H. Hurley, Structures, folding patterns, and functions of intramolecular DNA G-quadruplexes found in eukaryotic promoter regions, Biochimie, Volume 90, (Issue 8), 2008, Pages 1149-1171.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2008.02.020

A. N. Lane, J. B. Chaires, R. D. Gray, J. O. Trent, Stability and kinetics of G-quadruplex structures, Nucleic Acids Res., Volume 36, (Issue 17), 2008, Pages 5482-5515.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn517

A. Guedin, A. De Cian, J. Gros, L. Lacroix, J. L. Mergny, Sequence effects in single-base loops for quadruplexes, Biochimie, Volume 90, (Issue 5), 2008, Pages 686-696.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2008.01.009

T. I. Gaynutdinov, R. D. Neumann, I. G. Panyutin, Structural polymorphism of intramolecular quadruplex of human telomeric DNA, effect of cations, quadruplex-binding drugs and flanking sequences, Nucleic Acids Res., Volume 36, (Issue 12), 2008, Pages 4079-4087.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn351

J. Dai, M. Carver, D. Yang, Polymorphism of human telomeric quadruplex structures, Biochimie, Volume 90, (Issue 8), 2008, Pages 1172-1183.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2008.02.026

J. Dai, M. Carver, C. Punchihewa, R. A. Jones, D. Yang, Structure of the Hybrid-2 type intramolecular human telomericGquadruplex in K+ solution, insights into structure polymorphism of the human telomeric sequence, Nucleic Acids Res., Volume 35, (Issue 15), 2007, Pages 4927-4940.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm522

K. M. Lim, S. Amrane, S. Bouaziz, W. Xu, Y. Mu, D. J. Patel, K. N. Luu, A .T, Phan, Structure of the human telomere in K+ solution, a stable basket-type G-quadruplex with only two G-tetrad layers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 131, (Issue 12), 2009, Pages 4301-4309.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807503g

G. N. Parkinson, M. P. H. Lee, S. Neidle, Crystal structure of parallel quadruplexes from human telomeric DNA, Nature Volume 417, (Issue 6891), 2002, Pages 876-880.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature755

C. Farr, J. Fantes, P. Goodfellow, H. Cooke, Functional reintroduction of human telomeres into mammalian cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, Volume 88, (Issue 16), 1991, Pages 7006–7010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.16.7006

B. Van Steensel, A. Smogorzewska, T. de Lange, TRF2 protects human telomeres from end-to-end fusions, Cell, Volume 92, (Issue 3), 1998, Pages 401–413.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80932-0

V. L. Makarov, Y. Hirose, J. P. Langmore, Long G tails at both ends of human chromosomes suggest a C strand degradation mechanism for telomere shortening, Cell, Volume 88, (Issue 5), 1997, Pages 657–666.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81908-x

D. Sen, W. Gilbert, A sodium-potassium switch in the formation of four-stranded G4-DNA, Nature, Volume 344, (Issue 6265), 1990, Pages 410-414.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/344410a0

P. Sket, M. Crnugelj, J. Plavec, Identification of mixed di-cation forms of G-quadruplex in solution, Nucleic Acids Res., Volume 33, (Issue 11), 2005, Pages 3691-3697.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki690

Y. Wang, D. J. Patel, Solution structure of the human telomeric repeat d[AG3(T2AG3)3] G-tetraplex, Structure, Volume 1, (Issue 4), 1993, Pages 263-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-2126(93)90015-9

H. Q. Yu, D. Miyoshi, N. Sugimoto, Characterization of structure and stability of long telomeric DNA G-quadruplexes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 128, (Issue 48), 2006, Pages 15461-15468.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja064536h

M. Kaushik, A. Bansal, S. Saxena, S. Kukreti, Possibility of an antiparallel (tetramer) quadruplex exhibited by the double repeat of the human telomere, Biochemistry, Volume 46, (Issue 24), 2007, Pages 7119-7131.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0621009

Y. Krishnan-Ghosh, D. Liu, S. Balasubramanian, Formation of an interlocked quadruplex dimer by d(GGGT), J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 126, (Issue 35), 2004, Pages 11009-11016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja049259y

Y. Wang, D. J. Patel, Guanine residues in d(T2AG3) and d(T2G4) form parallel-stranded potassium cation stabilized G-quadruplexes with anti glycosidic torsion angles in solution, Biochemistry, Volume 31, (Issue 35), 1992, Pages 8112-8119.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00150a002

A. T. Phan, D. J. Patel, Two-repeat human telomeric d(TAGGGTTAGGGT) sequence forms interconverting parallel and antiparallel G-quadruplexes in solution, distinct topologies, thermodynamic properties, and folding/unfolding kinetics, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 125, (Issue 49), 2003, Pages 15021-15027.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja037616j

P. Balagurumoorthy, S. K. Brahmachari, Structure and stability of human telomeric sequence, J. Biol. Chem., Volume 269, (Issue 34), 1994, Pages 21858-21869.

V. Viglasky, L. Bauer, K. Tluckova, Structural features of intra- and intermolecular G-quadruplexes derived from telomeric repeats, Biochemistry, Volume 49, (Issue 10) 2010, Pages 2110-2120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi902099u

S. Haider, G. N. Parkinson, S. Neidle, Molecular dynamics and principal components analysis of human telomeric quadruplex multimers, Biophys. J., Volume 95, (Issue 1), 2008, Pages 296-311
http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.107.120501

A. Matsugami, T. Okuizumi, S. Uesugi, M. Katahira, Intramolecular higher order packing of parallel quadruplexes comprising a G,G,G,G tetrad and a G(,A),G(,A),G(,A),G heptad of GGA triplet repeat DNA, J. Biol. Chem., Volume 278, (Issue 30), 2003, Pages 28147-28153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m303694200

S. L. Palumbo, R. M. Memmott, D. J. Uribe, Y. Krotova-Khan, L. H. Hurley, S. W. Ebbinghaus, A novel G-quadruplex-forming GGA repeat region in the c-myb promoter is a critical regulator of promoter activity, Nucleic Acids Res. 36, (Issue 6), 2008, Pages 1755-1769.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkm1069

L. Petraccone, J. O. Trent, J. B. Chaires, The tail of the telomere, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 130, (Issue 49), 2008, Pages 16530-16532.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja8075567

S. Burge, G. N. Parkinson, P. Hazel, A. K. Todd, S. Neidle, Quadruplex DNA, sequence, topology and structure, Nucleic Acids Res., Volume 34, (Isssue 19), 2006, Pages 5402-5415.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl655

N. Zhang, A. T. Phan, D. J. Patel, (3+1) Assembly of three human telomeric repeats into an asymmetric dimeric G-quadruplex, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 127, (Issue 49), 2005, Pages 17277-17285.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0543090

A. T. Phan, K. N. Luu, D. J. Patel, Different loop arrangements of intramolecular human telomeric (3+1) G-quadruplexes in K+ solution, Nucleic Acids Res., Volume 34, (Issue 19), 2006, Pages 5715-5719.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl726

K. N. Luu, A. T. Phan, V. Kuryavyi, L. Lacroix, D. J. Patel, Structure of the human telomere in K+ solution, an intramolecular (3+1) G-quadruplex scaffold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 128, (Issue 30), 2006, Pages 9963-9970.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja062791w

D. J. Yue, K. W. Lim, A. T. Phan, Formation of (3+1) G-quadruplexes with a long loop by human telomeric DNA spanning five or more repeats, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 133, (Issue 30), 2011, Pages 11462-11465.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja204197d

J. Zhou, A. Bourdoncle, F. Rosu, V. Gabelica, J. L. Mergny, Tri-G-quadruplex, controlled assembly of a G-quadruplex structure from three G-rich strands, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., Volume 51, (Issue 33), 2012, Pages 11002-11005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201205390

L. C. Bock, L. C. Griffin, J. A. Latham, E. H. Vermaas, J. J. Toole, Selection of single-stranded DNA molecules that bind and inhibit human thrombin, Nature, Volume 355, (Issue 6360), 1992, Pages 564-566.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/355564a0

R. D. Gray, R. Buscaglia, J. B. Chaires, Populated intermediates in the thermal unfolding of the human telomeric quadruplex, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 134, (Issue 40), 2012, Pages 16834-16844.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja307543z

M. Boncina, J. Lah, I. Prislan, G. Vesnaver, Energetic basis of human telomeric DNA folding into G-quadruplex structures, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 134, (Issue 23), 2012, Pages 9657-9663.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja300605n

T. Mashimo, H. Yagi, Y. Sannohe, A. Rajendran, H. Sugiyama, Folding pathways of human telomeric type-1 and type-2 G-quadruplex structures, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 132, (Issue 42), 2012, Pages 14910-14918.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja105806u

W. Li, X. M. Hou, P. Y. Wang, X. G. Xi, M. Li, Direct measurement of sequential folding pathway and energy landscape of human telomeric G-quadruplex structures, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 135, (Issue 17), 2013, Pages 6423–6426.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja4019176

D. Koirala, T. Mashimo, Y. Sannohe, Z. Yu, H. Mao, H. Sugiyama, Intramolecular folding in three tandem guanine repeats of human telomeric DNA, Chem. Commun. Volume 48, (Issue 14), 2012, Pages 2006–2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc16752b

V. Limongelli, S. De Tito, L. Cerofolini, M. Fragai, B. Pagano, R. Trotta, S. Cosconati, L. Marinelli, E. Novellino, I. Bertini, A. Randazzo, C. Luchinat, M. Parrinello, The G-triplex DNA, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., Volume 52, (Issue 8), 2013, Pages 2269-2273.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201206522

A. Barducci, G. Bussi, M. Parrinello, Well-tempered metadynamics, a smoothly converging and tunable free-energy method, Phys. Rev. Lett., Volume 100, (Issue 2), 2008, Pages 020603(4).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.100.020603

S. Wang, B. Fu, S. Peng, X. Zhang, T. Tian, X. Zhou, The G-triplex DNA could function as a new variety of DNA peroxidase, Chem. Commun. (Camb), Volume 49, (Issue 72), 2013, Pages 7920-7922.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc44075c

V. T. Mukundan, N. Q. Do, A. T. Phan, HIV-1 integrase inhibitor T30177 forms a stacked dimeric G-quadruplex structure containing bulges, Nucleic Acids Res., Volume 39, (Issue 20), 2011, Pages 8984-8991.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr540

V. T. Mukundan, A. T. Phan, Bulges in G-Quadruplexes, Broadening the Definition of G-Quadruplex-Forming Sequences, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Volume 135, (Issue 13), 2013, Pages 5017-5028.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja310251r

A. Rajendran, M. Endo, K. Hidaka, H. Sugiyama, Direct and single-molecule visualization of the solution-state structures of G-hairpin and G-triplex intermediates, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., Volume 53, (Issue 16), 2014, Pages 4107-4112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201308903

C. Schaffitzel, I. Berger, J. Postberg, J. Hanes, H. J. Lipps, A. Plückthun, In vitro generated antibodies specific for telomeric guanine-quadruplex DNA react with Stylonychialemnaemacronuclei, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U S A. Volume 98, (Issue 15), 2001, Pages 8572–8577.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.141229498

R. Rodriguez, K. M. Miller, J. V. Forment, C. R. Bradshaw, M. Nikan, S. Britton, T. Oelschlaegel, B. Xhemalce, S. Balasubramanian, S. P. Jackson, Smal lmolecule-induced DNA damage identifies alternative DNA structures in human genes, Nat Chem Biol., Volume 8, (Issue 3), 2012, Pages 301–310.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.780

E. Y. Lam, D. Beraldi, D. Tannahill, S. Balasubramanian, G-quadruplex structures are stable and detectable in human genomic DNA, Nat. Commun. Volume 4, 2013, 1796.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2792

G. Biffi, D. Tannahill, J. McCaffert, S. Balasubramanian Quantitative visualization of DNA G-quadruplex structures in human cells, Nat. Chem., Volume 5, (Issue 3), 2013, Pages 182-186.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1548

A. Henderson, Y. Wu, Y. C. Huang, E. A. Chavez, J. Platt, F. B. Johnson, R. M. Brosh, Jr., D. Sen, P. M. Lansdorp, Detection of G-quadruplex DNA in mammalian cells, Nucleic Acids Res., Volume 42, (Issue 2), 2014, Pages 860–869.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt957

G. W. Collie, G. N. Parkinson, The application of DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes to therapeutic medicines, Chem. Soc. Rev., Volume 40, (Issue 12), 2011, Pages 5867-5892.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cs15067g

M. Kaushik, S. Kaushik, A. Bansal, S. Saxena, S. Kukreti, Structural diversity and specific recognition of four stranded G-quadruplex DNA, Curr. Mol. Med., Volume 11, (Issue 9) 2011, Pages 744-769.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156652411798062421

S. Kendrick, L. H. Hurley, The role of G-quadruplex/i-motif secondary structures as cis-acting regulatory elements, Pure Appl. Chem., Volume 82, (Issue 8), 2010, Pages 1609-1621.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-09-29

M. Tarsounas, M. Tijsterman, Genomes and G-Quadruplexes: For Better or for Worse, J. Mol. Biol., Volume 425, (Issue 23), 2013, Pages 4782-4789.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.026

J. Gomez-Marquez, DNA G-quadruplex: structure, function and human disease, FEBS Journal, Volume 277, (Issue 17), 2010, Page 3451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07757.x

M. L. Bochman, K. Paeschke, V. A. Zakian, DNA secondary structures: stability and function of G-quadruplex structures, Nature Reviews Genetics, Volume 13, (Issue 11), 2012, Pages 770-780.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3296

N. Maizels, L. T. Gray, The G4 Genome, PloS Genet., Volume 9, (Issue 4), 2013, Pages 1-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003468

J. Bidzinska, G. Cimino-Reale, N. Zaffaroni, M. Folini, G-Quadruplex Structures in the Human Genome as Novel Therapeutic Targets, Molecules, Volume 18, (Issue 10), 2013, Pages 12368-12395.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules181012368

S. Balasubramanian, L. H. Hurley, S. Neidle, Targeting G quadruplexes in gene promoters: a novel anticancer strategy? Nature Reviews (Drug Discovery), Volume 10, (Issue 4), 2011, Pages 261-275.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd3428

V. Viglasky, T. Hianik, Potential uses of G-quadruplex-forming aptamers, General Physiology and Biophysics, Volume 32, (Issue 2), 2013, Pages 149-172.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/gpb_2013019

R. M., Stoltenberg, A. T. Woolley, DNA-templated nanowire fabrication, Biomed. Microdevices, Volume 6, (Issue 2), 2004, Pages 105-111.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:bmmd.0000031746.46801.7d

C. Hobartner, S. K. Silverman, Recent advances in DNA catalysis, Biopolymers, Volume 87, (Issue 5-6), 2007, Pages 279-292.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.20813

H. Tan, S. Yang, G. Shen, R. Yu, Z. Wu, Z. Signal-enhanced liquid-crystal DNA biosensors based on enzymatic metal deposition, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., Volume 49, (Issue 46), 2010, Pages 8608-8611.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201004272

L. Lv, Z. Guo, J. Wang, E. Wang, G-Quadruplex as Signal Transducer for Biorecognition Events, Current Pharmaceutical Design, Volume 18, (Issue 14) 2012, Pages 2076-2095.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161212799958459

J. Zhou, S. Amrane, D. N. Korkut, A. Bourdoncle, H. Z. He, D. L. Ma, J. L, Mergny, Combination of i-motif and G-quadruplex structures within the same strand: formation and application, Angewandte Chemie, Volume 52, (Issue 30), 2013, Pages 7896-7900.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201301278

B. Ruttkay-Nedecky, J. Kudr, L. Nejdl, D. Maskova, R. Kizek, V. Adam, G-Quadruplexes as Sensing Probes, Molecules, Volume 18, (Issue 12), 2013, Pages 14760-14779.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules181214760

A. Baral, P. Kumar, R. Pathak, S. Chowdhury, Emerging trends in G-quadruplex biology-role in epigenetic and evolutionary events, Mol. BioSyst. Volume 9, (Issue 7), 2013, Pages 1568-1575.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3mb25492e

P. Murat, S. Balasubramanian, Existence and consequences of G-quadruplex structures in DNA, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, Volume 25, 2014, Pages 22-29.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2013.10.012

Y. Chen, D. Yang, Sequence, stability, and structure of G-quadruplexes and their interactions with drugs, Current Protocols in Nucleic Acid Chemistry, 2012, 17.5.1-17.5.17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0471142700.nc1705s50


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Please send any question about this web site to info@praiseworthyprize.com
Copyright © 2005-2024 Praise Worthy Prize